Week 7 - Endocrine Talks Flashcards
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
What are the major target tissues of insulin?
- Liver
- Adipose tissue
- muscle
- satiety center of hypothalamus
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
What happens to a glucose molecule once it enters the cell?
It is either used to make ATP
OR
can be stored as potential fuel for later
(glycogen, triglyceride, depending on cell stimulated)
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
Why can taking too much insulin be a problem?
- It can lead to hypoglycemia
- Insufficient fuel will be available leading to insulin shock
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
What is the major target organ of glucagon?
Liver
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
How does the ANS affect blood glucose levels?
- Sympathetic activity will increase blood sugar levels
- Parasympathetic will decrease it
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
Give a factor that increases insulin reaction
- Increased blood sugar due to eating
- GH action
- ACTH/cortisol action
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
What regulates the secretion of glucagon?
Alpha cells in the pancreas
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
Identify three functions of insulin
- increase glucose transport to cells
- conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)
- decrease glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
- slow formation of new glucose (gluconeogenesis)
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
Identify three functions of glucagon
- breakdown glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)
- increase conversion of other nutrients to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
- release glucose to blood from liver cells
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
What type of stimulus will stimulate the pancreas to begin insulin secretion?
a. hormonal
b. neural
c. humoral
d. all of the above
c. humoral (cells will secrete in response to change in concentration of glucose in blood)
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
Glucagon causes the breakdown of _____ and increase glucose synthesis in the ________.
a. sodium…kidneys
b. bile…pancreas
c. glycogen…liver
d. CSF…meninges
e. fatty acids…liver
c. glycogen…liver
The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:
When insulin activity is absent or deficient, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because:
a. the pancreas did not receive the proper signal to disassemble the protein and fats
b. too much was eaten and the body does not have adequate enzymatic resources to handle the large quantities of food
c. the glucose from the meal is unable to enter most tissue cells
d. the body has a certain amount for each transaction and if too much sugar is eaten then there simply is not enough insulin
c. the glucose from the meal is unable to enter most tissue cells
Two Types of Diabetes:
What are some of the latest treatments for type 1 diabetes?
This will change over time, so do not memorize, but you could include:
- new forms of insulin
- insulin pump technology
- artificial pancreas (delivering both insulin/glucagon in balance)
- immune system based treatments examining antibody functions
Two Types of Diabetes:
List four S/S that someone might have who has not been diagnosed with diabetes but has it:
- Polyuria - frequent urination
- weight loss
- fatigue
- vomiting
- Polydipsia - Thirst
Polyphagia - hunger
Two Types of Diabetes:
Give several causes for NIDDM
- family history
- genetic predisposition
- gestational diabetes
- ethnicity
Two Types of Diabetes:
What is the goal of treatment in both types of diabetes?
Control of blood sugar through:
1. treatment
2. diet
3. activity
4. or other lifestyle adjustments
Two Types of Diabetes:
Why is it so important to maintain the goal of controlling blood sugar?
When uncontrolled diabetes leads to many complications and increased risk of dying
Two Types of Diabetes:
What other ways do diabetics have to control their blood glucose levels besides taking insulin?
- exercise
- weight loss
- improving diet
- stress management
- improving sleep
- drinking water
Two Types of Diabetes:
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II diabetes
Type I –
1. lack of production of insulin
2. caused by autoimmune response
3. early inset is common
Type II – related more to:
1. diet
2. exercise
3. family behavior/history
DKA:
What is the ultimate cause of DKA?
Poorly controlled diabetes, or loss of regulation
DKA:
What is the relationship between increased fat metabolism and hyperglycemia?
The body can breakdown fat to free up energy sources to make ATP in the instance where a lack of insulin makes it impossible to move enough glucose into cells to make ATP.
So, glucose will remain high, as the body attempts to mobilize fat
DKA:
Why does a patient in DKA have a fruity-smelling breath?
Acetone
One of the ketones produced during DKA causes the fruity-smelling breath of DKA patients
DKA:
What is glycosuria?
Why do diabetics have it?
What does it result in?
- Glucose in urine
- Since insulin is not available or the target cells are insensitive to it, there is an excess in the blood
- the kidney filters the blood and cannot reabsorb all this excess due to limitations in transport processes.
- So, glucose stays in the filtrate of the kidney as does the excess after and this makes its way to the bladder and becomes urine
DKA:
What can cause an increase in protein catabolism in diabetics and explain the connection between increased glucose production and increased protein catabolism?
Next, explain the relationship of increased protein catabolism to osmotic diuresis.
- OSMOTIC DIURESIS can occur any time when there are solutes from the filtrate (thus the solute will remain in the filtrate and become urine and water will remain in the filtrate and become urine and water will remain behind in the urine pathway as well = polyuria
- IN DIABETES, the body tends to go after other nutrients to provide to the starving cells since glucose cannot enter properly. However, harvesting lipids from the triglycerides stored in fat, or amino acids used in proteins (protein catabolism) causes even more solutes to be in the blood and thus filtered at the kidney. This exacerbates osmotic diuresis.
