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BIO 232 > Week 3 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 3 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Components of a reflex Arc (Neural Path.)

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory Neuron
  3. Integration Center
  4. Motor Neuron
  5. Effector
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2
Q

Receptor

A

Site of stimulus action

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3
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Afferent to the CNS

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4
Q

Integration Center

A

region within the CNS

Mono or polysynaptic

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5
Q

Motor Neuron

A

efferent to efector organ

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6
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A

Sensation - it happened

Perception - Perception does not occur because there was no AP sent

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7
Q

Sensory Receptors classified based on stimulus type…

A

a. mechanoreceptor
b. thermoreceptor
c. photoreceptor
d. chemoreceptor
e. nociceptor

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to

A

chemicals

(chemical concentrations including, odors, tastes, and dissolved chemicals within the body fluids)

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9
Q

Thermoreceptors respond to

A

heat and cold

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10
Q

nociceptors respond to

A

pain

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11
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to

A

physical deformity caused by touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, and tension.

AUDIO - Kicked open

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12
Q

Photoreceptors respond to

A

light

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13
Q

Receptors classified by the origins of their stimuli

A

Exteroceptor
Interoceptor
Propioreceptor

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14
Q

Exteroceptor

A

Near Outside stimulus
Outside the body

Skin touch
pressure
pain
temperature
most special sense organs

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15
Q

Interoceptor

A

near Inside stimulus
(inside core organs)
Inside the body

Internal viscera and blood vessels

chemical tissue stretch and temperature

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16
Q

Proprioceptor

A

Does not fit into OUT or IN the body
Body movement
(position sense)
(How we are oriented in space)

Muscle spindles - length
Golgi Tendons - Tension

stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments & CT of bones and muscles

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17
Q

What are skeletal muscles composed of?

A

contractile & non-contractile elements with separate innervation

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18
Q

Muscle Spindles are receptors that are…

A

non-contractile
Sense length of muscle
and then cause contraction

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19
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

Help maintain posture through innervation of large muscles
(consider gastrocnemius)

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20
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of the body

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21
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

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22
Q

monosynaptic

A

Direct signal neuron
No interneuron is present

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23
Q

polysynaptic

A

one or more interneurons connect

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24
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

stretch of one muscle inhibits the activity of the opposing muscle

reflex

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25
Sensation
the brains's ability to pickup changes in the enviroment
26
Autonomic System of PNS
Involuntary
27
Somatic NS of PNS
Voluntary
28
PNS
All the nerves that shoot out and away; and then come back in towards the brain. Brainstem and Spinal Cord
29
Sensory Cranial Nerves
1. Olfactory - smell 2. Optic - vision 3. Vestibulococchlear - Sound
30
Motor cranial nerves
1. Occulomotor - move eye 2. Trochlear - move eye 3. Abducens - move eyes 4. Accessory - shoulder shrugging 5. Hypoglossal - move tongue
31
Motor/Sensation Cranial Nerves
1. Trigeminal - sense eye; move jaw 2. Facial - taste; move face 3. Glossopharyngeal - taste, swallowing 4. Vagus -
32
Regions of Spinal Nerves
31 pairs 1. cervical - 8 2. thoracic - 12 3. lumbar - 5 4. Sacral - 5 5. Coccygeal - 1
33
Sympathetic Region
Thoracolumbar F/F
34
Parasympathetic Region
Craniosacral R/D
35
Brainstem is made of three parts
Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata
36
How many neurochains in motor?
2
37
How many neurochains in sensory?
3
38
Synapse -
Speaks to muscle/organ
39
PNS divided into
Somatic - skeletal - voluntary ANS - glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle - invluntary
40
Function & Origin Olfactory
Smell Nose sensory
41
Function & Origin Optic
Vision Eyes sensory
42
Function & Origin Oculomotor
Eye movement Midbrain Motor
43
Function & Origin Trochlear
eye muscle midbrain motor
44
Function & Origin Trigeminal
Face sensation Jaw movement Pons Both
45
Function & Origin Abducens
eye movement Pons motor
46
Function & Origin Facial
Taste face motor Pons Both
47
Function & Origin Vestibulocochlear
Hearing Medulla Sensory
48
Function & Origin Glossopharyngeal
Taste Swallowing Medulla Both
49
Function & Origin Vagus
Monitor sensing Parasympathetic motor Medulla Both
50
Function & Origin Accesory
Head/neck movement Medulla Motor
51
Function & Origin Hypoglossal
tongue muscle Medulla Motor
52
Nerves of the midbrain
Oculomotor Trochlear
53
Nerves of the Pons
1. Trigeminal 2. Abducens 3. Facial
54
Nerves of the Medulla Oblongata
1. Vestibulocochlear 2. Glossopharyngeal 3. Vagus 4. Accessory 5. Hypoglossal
55
What is unique about Trochlear Nerve organozation?
Exits brain dorsally and is crossed
56
What is unique about the Vagus nerve?
Only cranial nerve that goes beyond the head and neck innervates the heart, lungs, digestive tract, urinary tract
57
5 Components of a Reflex Arc
1. Receptor 2. Sensory Neuron 3. Integration Center 4. Motor Neuron 5. Effector
58
Components of Reflex: Receptor -
1. picks up stimulus 2. turns into electrical energy 3. Transmission to 2nd component
59
Components of Reflex: Sensory Neuron
1. Sending an afferent signal into the control center
60
Components of Reflex: Control Center
1. Spinal Cord 2. specifically the interneuron 3. sends the signal (control center) 4. send to a lower motor neuron
61
Components of Reflex: Motor Neuron
1. throws it to a lower motor neuron 2. which sends an efferent signal to the effector
62
Components of Reflex: Effector
1. the muscle/organ 2. Contracts -move away 3. Avoids tissue damage or further damage
63
What does an Interneuron do?
1. Takes signal from sensory neuron 2. Sends it off where it needs to go 3. to a lower motor neuron
64
Muscle spindles -
sense length of muscle then cause contraction
65
Golgi Tendons
Sense muscle tension Cause relaxation Agonists relaxes Antagonist contracts
66
Flexor (withdraw reflex)
1. Pain stimulus 2. Auto withdraw 3. ipsilateral polysynaptic (interneuron)
67
Crossed extensor reflex
1. isilateral reflex & contralateral reflex 2. stimulated side withdraw (flexed) 3. Contralateral side is extended
68
Plexus
a bundle of nerves that will branch out again
69
Names of Plexuses
1. Cervical 2. Brachial 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral
70
Cervical Plexus
1. C1-C4 2. Back of head, neck, shoulders 3. Phrenic Nerve - Diaphragm
71
Brachial Plexus
1. C5-T1 2. Arm Saturday night paralysis Crutch
72
Lumbar Plexus
1. L1-L4 2. Front and sides of leg Femoral Nerve
73
Sacral Plexus
1. L4-S4 2. Back of leg Sciatic Nerve
74
Roots
Pure
75
Rami
Mixed
76
Dorsal Root
Sensory
77
Ventral Root
Motor
78
Dorsal Ramus
deep muscles posterior surface of trunk
79
Ventral ramus
Limbs, lateral/anterior trunk, superficial back muscles
80
Rami communicantes
branch from ventral ramus ANS motor pathway F/F
81
Dermatomes
body map - diagnostic tool area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches from a ventral ramus of a single spinal nerve
82
What areas DO NOT form a plexus
T2-T12 Trunk core
83
Dorsal location
Sensory - Posterior
84
Ventral location
Motor - anterior
85
Rubrospinal
1. Indirect 2. involuntary for posture and balance
86
Golgi Tendon example
1. Pick up a heavy object 2. drops it because of 3. reflexive relaxation of the straining muscle receptor
87
Rubrospinal Pathway
Red Nucleus in midbrain Direct = voluntary Indirect = involuntary
88
Afferent portion of ANS is
taking measurements of homeostasis with interoceptors (internal)
89
Craniosacral -
Parasympathetic - R/D
90
Thoracolumbar -
Sympathetic - F/F
91
2 types of ACH receptors
Nicotinic Muscarinic
92
Muscarinic
Ach receptor & 2nd messenger
93
2nd Messengers
1. Chemical signal 2. Binding 3. G protein 4. enzyme 5. cAMP = 2nd messenger 6. outcome - vary Excitatory or inhibitory
94
Adrenergic Fibers release
NE - binds with Beta 2nd messenger E - binds with A&B Alpha/Beta receptors
95
Receptor that responds to heart only
Beta 1
96
What system has longer preganglionic & short postganglionic neurons?
Parasympathetic Terminal Ganglia is in or on target organ
97
What system lacks a ganglion?
Somatic 1 neuron only no synapse or ganglia
98
What system is associated with alpha & beta receptors?
Sympathetic Respond to NE so only sympathetic
99
What system innervates the adrenal medulla gland?
Sympathetic Sympathomimetic - release NE & E
100
Which system (s) have cholinergic fibers?
Somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic Release ACH, somatic, pre/post parasympathetic & preganglionic sympathetic
101
Which system(s) have adrenergic fibers?
Sympathetic Release NE, postganglionic sympathetic
102
Which systems involve second messenger systems?
Parasympathetic Sympathetic Muscarinic (Ach) Alphas & Betas (NE)
103
Which system DOES NOT contain second messenger system?
Somatic
104
What resists degeneration
Neurilemma of Schwann cells Neural pathway remains and axon will grow back if cell body survives
105
Neuritis
Inflammation of nerve Sciatice Bell's Palsey - facial Shingles - infectio of dorsal root (sensory) ganglia
106
MS
progressive loss of myelin in spinal cord/brain

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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