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Developmental Concepts > Week 3- Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Week 3- Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Movement occurs from the interaction between ________.

A

-Sensory/perceptual
-Cognitive
-Motor/action systems

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2
Q

This system provides sensory information about the body and environment

A

Sensory/perceptual system (afferents)

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3
Q

This system the attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control

A

Cognitive system

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4
Q

This system includes the neuromuscular and biomechanical systems control the execution of functional movement

A

Motor/action system

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5
Q

A motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers. The basic functional units of skeletal muscle.

A

Motor units

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6
Q

__________ activity represents the final output of the CNS and their role in motor control is widely studied.

A

-Motor unit

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7
Q

The higher centers of the nervous system and the effector organs of movement

A

Functional motor unit

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8
Q

This part of the nervous system control speed and force of movement

A

Primary motor context

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9
Q

This part of the nervous system is involved in preplanning movements

A

Supplemental motor area

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10
Q

This part of the nervous system assists in visually guided movements

A

Premotor cortex

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11
Q

This part of the brain coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity

A

Cerebellum

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12
Q

This part of the nervous system controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments

A

Basal ganglia

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13
Q

The _____________ system composes the execution structures for movement

A

Musculoskeletal

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14
Q

One motor unit and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

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15
Q

Two main periods of gestation development

A

-Embryonic
-Fetal

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16
Q

How long is the embryonic period?

A

0 to day 60 (about 2 months or 8 weeks)

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17
Q

How long is the fetal period?

A

Day 60 and on

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18
Q

What are the stages of early development?

A

-Fertilization
-Implantation
-Gastrulation

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19
Q

When is fertilization?

A

Day 1

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20
Q

When is implantation?

A

Day 6/7

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21
Q

When is gastrulation?

A

Day 15/16

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22
Q

A phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar structure.

A

Gastrulation

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23
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

-Ectoderm
-Mesoderm
-Endoderm

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24
Q

When does embryogenesis occur?

A

8 weeks after fertilization

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25
Q

True or false: All limb structures are present when embryogenesis is complete.

A

True

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26
Q

Where does the muscular system develop from?

A

Mesoderm

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27
Q

During the second half of gestation, there is a rapid increase in:

A

Number and size of muscle fibers

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28
Q

Slow twitch tonic fibers

A

Type I muscle fibers

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29
Q

Fast twitch phasic fibers

A

Type II muscle fibers

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30
Q

True or false: Type I muscle fibers form at 30 weeks gestation

A

False

(Type I form at 21 weeks)

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31
Q

True or false: Type II muscle fibers form at 21 weeks gestation

A

False

(Type II form at 30 weeks)

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32
Q

True or false: All skeletal muscles are developed by birth

A

True

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33
Q

Combination of slow and fast twitch muscles

A

Mixed muscles

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34
Q

Alters the muscle fiber orientation

A

Change in direction of muscle fibers

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35
Q

Separating into multiple layers

A

Splitting into myotomes

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36
Q

Formation of aponeurosis: a sheet of connective tissue

A

Degeneration

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37
Q

At birth, muscle mass is only ____% of total body mass

A

25%

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38
Q

True or false: There is increased muscular strength as muscles grow and mature during infancy/childhood.

A

True

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39
Q

Male or female?

14 fold increase in fiber number
Fiber size and strength increases until adolescence
Muscle mass increases 41-53% of total body mass

A

Male

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40
Q

Male or female?

10 fold increase in fiber number after birth
More rapid increase in fiber size compared to males
Muscle mass increases 41-42% of total body mass

A

Female

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41
Q

The relative type I and type II fiber ratio has reached the adult level at _________. (age range)

A

Adolescence

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42
Q

This occurs when there is an increase in skeletal and muscle length

A

Growth spurt

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43
Q

The length-tension relationship during growth spurts is modified through _________ as __________ grow

A

-Muscle lengthening
-Bones

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44
Q

Muscles increase in length through the addition of _________ and __________.

A

-Sarcomeres
-Fibers

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45
Q

True or false: Increased strength leads to decreased muscle mass.

A

False

(increased muscle mass)

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46
Q

When do females peak strength?

A

Onset of puberty

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47
Q

When is peak strength generally seen?

A

Young adulthood (early 20s-30s)

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48
Q

Muscle strength declines at age ______.

A

30

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49
Q

Each decade, ___% of muscle mass is lost

A

5%

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50
Q

Besides muscle strength, ___________ declines in 30s

A

Coordination

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51
Q

True or false: There is an increased occurrence of muscle strains at age 30

A

True

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52
Q

Those who are _____ years old have a steady decline in strength and impaired function

A

50

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53
Q

Between 50-70 years old, there is a ____% decline in strength

A

30%

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54
Q

Those who are ____ years old experience a rapid decline in strength.

A

70

55
Q

Loss of muscle mass and function

A

Sarcopenia

56
Q

True or false: Senile muscular atrophy means there is a decrease in number of fibers, mass of fibers, and number of functional motor units

A

False

(Sarcopenia)

57
Q

This means muscle wasting

A

Senile muscular atrophy

58
Q

True or false: There is a greater decline in trunk and lower extremities compared to upper extremities in older adults

A

True

59
Q

Pattern of muscle weakness is ____________.

A

Proximal

(most prominent in back, abdominals, and quadriceps)

60
Q

True or false: Older adults undergo an increased rate in loss of type I fibers compared to type II fibers

A

False

(type II goes first then type I)

61
Q

What does decreased of contraction result in?

A

Loss of muscle power and decreased mobility within limits of postural stability

62
Q

Slower reaction times and initiation of voluntary movements leads to ________.

A

Impaired balance strategies

63
Q

Bone cell that creates bone

A

Osteoblast

64
Q

Bone cell that absorbs bone

A

Osteoclast

65
Q

Bone tissue that is a hard and dense outer layer

A

Compact bone

66
Q

The flexible inner layer containing bone marrow

A

Spongy bone

67
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

-Provides structural support for the body
-Protects vital organs
-Stores minerals (ex: calcium and phosphorus)
-Acts as a lever for movement
-Stores blood producing cells in bone marrow

68
Q

Shaft of the long bone

A

Diaphysis

69
Q

End of the long bone

A

Epiphysis

70
Q

Area where bone grows

A

Epiphyseal plate

71
Q

Area where epiphyseal plates have fused together and growth is not possible

A

Epiphyseal lines

72
Q

Where do all bones and cartilage develop from?

A

Mesenchyme

73
Q

Bone and cartilage are differentiated and bone develops

A

3rd-8th week

74
Q

Mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate (UE before LE)

A

5th week

75
Q

Chondrocytes form the cartilage of long bones

A

6th week

76
Q

Growth of cartilage model

A

6th week

77
Q

Development of primary ossification center

A

7th-11th week

78
Q

Development of secondary ossification center

A

After birth

79
Q

Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

A

After birth

80
Q

True or false: The diaphysis are well ossified and formed by the primary ossification center at birth

A

True

81
Q

True or false: The epiphysis are not cartilaginous anymore and formed by the primary ossification center at birth

A

False

(still cartilaginous, formed by secondary ossification center)

82
Q

Where do most bone fractures occur in the long bone?

A

Epiphysis

83
Q

These curves include the thoracic and sacral regions of the spine, are kyphotic, and formed at birth

A

Primary curves

84
Q

These curves include the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine, are lordotic, and formed through weightbearing during walking

A

Secondary curves

85
Q

How is skeletal maturity achieved?

A

The closure of epiphyseal plates

86
Q

This helps doctors estimate the maturity of a child’s skeletal system

A

Bone age

87
Q

This identifies the amount of ossification of the human pelvis as a measure of skeletal maturity

A

Risser sign

88
Q

True or false: Bone growth in infancy/childhood is rapid, and genetics, health, and nutrition influence it

A

True

89
Q

Their head and trunk are disproportionately larger than adults

A

Newborns

90
Q

True or false: Throughout adolescence, the pelvis and lower extremities change in length, rotation, angle, and torsion

A

False

(childhood)

91
Q

Weightbearing and movement drive these skeletal changes

A

Bone remodeling

92
Q

These structures hold together the bones that form the skull

A

Sutures

93
Q

Soft areas where the bone has not fused yet

A

Fontanelles

94
Q

What is the premature closure of sutures?

A

Craniosynostosis

95
Q

These fontanelles form at 2-3 months

A

Posterior

96
Q

These fontanelles form at 12-18 months

A

Anterior

97
Q

What is bone remodeling influenced with during adolescence?

A

-Hormones
-Physical activity
-Nutrition

98
Q

Growth spurts in girls (age)

A

12-14 years old

99
Q

Growth spurt in boys (age)

A

14-15 years old

100
Q

True or false: During adolescence, the trunk grows before the legs

A

True

101
Q

True or false: Muscular growth occurs quicker than skeletal growth

A

False

(skeletal then muscular)

102
Q

Improper length-tension relationship leads to decreased _____________.

A

Muscle flexibility

103
Q

How old are children when cranial bones fuse to allow for development of the skull and brain?

A

2 years old

104
Q

When do epiphyseal growth plates close? (age)

A

25 years old

105
Q

A ________ across a growth plate can lead to asymmetrical growth of that joint

A

Fracture

106
Q

The use of _________ is contraindicated over epiphyseal areas in children

A

Ultrasound

107
Q

When is bone growth complete? (age range)

A

Adulthood

108
Q

Bone remodeling and density can increase with:

A

-Weightbearing
-Muscular contraction
-Adequate nutrition and calcium intake

109
Q

When is the peak of changes in bone mass? (age)

A

Late 20s-early 30s

110
Q

When do changes in bone mass remain stable? (age)

A

Age 30-50

111
Q

Bone resorption exceeds bone formation after age ______

A

50

112
Q

True or false: Loss of bone mass is associated with increase in estrogen

A

False

(decrease in estrogen)

113
Q

Bone loss to where bone mineral density is lower than normal, but not low enough to be osteoporosis

A

Osteopenia

114
Q

Deficient mineralization of the bone matrix is associated with deficiencies in ________.

A

-Vitamin D
-Calcium
-Phosphate

115
Q

True or false: Impairments associated with deficient mineralization include diffuse pain, muscle weakness, and intolerance with mechanical load

A

True

116
Q

Softening of bones

A

Osteomalacia

117
Q

Structural changes in cartilage:

A

-Water content decreases
-Extracellular matrix becomes rigid
-Death of chondrocytes
-Hyaline cartilage is replaced with fibrocartilage
-Decreased capacity for repair and healing

118
Q

True or false: Functional impairments in older adults include increased strength/flexibility and great posture

A

False

(decreased strength/flexibility, poor posture)

119
Q

In infancy/childhood, there is vulnerability of _____ and _____ to trauma

A

-Growth plate
-Cartilage

120
Q

True or false: If an injury occurs around the growth plate/cartilage, a disruption in blood and nutrients can cause permanent damage to growth of the involved limb

A

True

121
Q

True or false: There is a decreased risk of ligament tears or growth plate fracture due to traumatic mechanisms of injury or excessive repetitive stress during infancy/childhood

A

False

(increased risk)

122
Q

Diagnoses in infancy and childhood

A

-Epiphyseal infection and injury
-Growth plate fracture
-Apophyseal avulsion
-Nursemaid’s elbow

123
Q

How does apophyseal avulsion occur?

A

There is a sudden forceful muscular contraction

124
Q

This diagnosis is common in toddlers and preschoolers

A

Nursemaid’s elbow

125
Q

This age range has increased occurrence of stress fractures and apophyseal avulsion fractures

A

Adolescence

126
Q

Incomplete fracture commonly occurring in weightbearing bones

A

Stress fracture

127
Q

This diagnosis typically occur in pelvis, hip, and tibial tuberosity

A

Apophyseal avulsion fracture

128
Q

A slippage of the femoral head due to damage to the growth plate

A

Slipped capital-femoral epiphysis

129
Q

Abnormal curvature of the spine that is common in females

A

Scoliosis

130
Q

This age range has decreased strength and endurance due to age-related changes in bones, muscles, and cartilages

A

Adulthood/older adults

131
Q

Adults experience increased risk of fractures due to changes in __________.

A

Bone mineral density

132
Q

______ is secondary to disc changes in adulthood

A

Back pain

133
Q

Diagnosis characterized by bones becoming weak and brittle due to bone resorption > bone formation

A

Osteoporosis

134
Q

This diagnosis, which consists of accumulated microtrauma and inflammation, typically occurs in weigh-bearing joints and overweight/obese individuals

A

Osteoarthritis

Developmental Concepts (12 decks)

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