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Developmental Concepts > Week 4- Cardiopulmonary System > Flashcards

Week 4- Cardiopulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Vasculature
Blood

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2
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

-Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and organs in the body
-Transports hormones to target cells
-Removes metabolic waste (ex: carbon dioxide)
-Protects the body against disease through the circulation of WBCs, antibodies, and complement cells
-Regulates body temperature

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3
Q

Pumps blood to the body

A

Heart

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4
Q

A closed network of vessels that transports blood throughout the body

A

Vasculature

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5
Q

Transport blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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6
Q

Transport blood toward the heart

A

Veins

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7
Q

The connection between arteries and veins to allow for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste

A

Capillaries

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8
Q

Flow of the heart

A

-Deoxygenated blood from body travels into R atrium
-Through tricuspid valve to R ventricle
-Through pulmonary artery to lungs
-Oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein to L atrium
-Through mitral valve into L ventricle
-Through aorta out to body

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9
Q

When does vasculature development being?

A

3-4 weeks after conception

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10
Q

Formation of arteries and veins

A

Vasculogenesis

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11
Q

These types of cells differentiate into vessels during vasculature development

A

Mesodermal

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12
Q

True or false: Vasculogenesis occurs only during embryonic development

A

True

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13
Q

Formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

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14
Q

True or false: Angiogenesis only occurs throughout life

A

False

(during embryonic development AND throughout life– i.e. during healing)

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15
Q

Three layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima

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16
Q

Outer connective tissue layer

A

Tunica externa

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17
Q

Middle smooth muscle layer

A

Tunica media

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18
Q

Tunica intima

A

Inner endothelial layer

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19
Q

Located in the tunica media, contain elastic fibers to allow for expansion and recoil, maintains constant flow of blood during diastole

A

Large elastic arteries (aorta, left common carotid artery)

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20
Q

Located in tunica media, contains smooth muscle fibers to allow for regulation of diameter and control of blood flow to different parts of the body

A

Medium muscular arteries (femoral artery, axillary artery)

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21
Q

Controls the filling of capillaries

A

Small arteries and arterioles

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22
Q

3 classes of veins

A

Large veins
Medium/small veins
Venules

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23
Q

Distinguishing features of veins

A

-Larger and more compliant than arteries
-Thin walls (especially the tunica media)
-Large lumens (larger blood reservoir)
-One way valves

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24
Q

Typically located in veins inferior to the heart, facilitate blood flow toward the heart, affected by automatic nervous system and skeletal muscle pump

A

One-way valves

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25
Q

This nervous system regulates BP and peripheral vascular resistance

A

Autonomic nervous system

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26
Q

This nervous system increases HR and causes vasoconstriction

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

This nervous system decreased HR and causes vasodilation

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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28
Q

Types of receptors in circulation

A

Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors

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29
Q

Located in aorta/carotid sinus

A

Baroreceptors

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30
Q

Detect changes in BP

A

Baroreceptors

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31
Q

Located in aorta and carotid bodies

A

Chemoreceptors

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32
Q

Detect changes in pH and O2

A

Chemoreceptors

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33
Q

The heart develops about ______ after conception

A

3 weeks

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34
Q

Circulation begins at about _______ - (rhythmic pulsations of primitive heart tube)

A

4 week gestation

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35
Q

When does the heart begin to beat and pump blood?

A

Week 4

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36
Q

When does the heart form into a 4 chamber structure?

A

Week 7

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37
Q

Small passages for blood to travel through in order to bypass body parts that are not yet developed

A

Shunting systems

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38
Q

A hole between the R atrium and L atrium

A

Foraman ovale

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39
Q

A vessel that connects the R pulmonary artery to the aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

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40
Q

A vessel that connects the inferior vena cava to the umbilical vein

A

Ductus venosus

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41
Q

True or false: The shunting systems never close and form new structures

A

False

(they do close and form new structures)

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42
Q

What does the foramen ovale become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?

A

Fossa ovalis

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43
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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44
Q

What does the umbilical vein become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?

A

Ligamentum teres

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45
Q

What does the ductus venosus become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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46
Q

What do the umbilical arteries become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?

A

Lateral umbilical ligaments

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47
Q

____% of live births have congenital heart disease

A

1%

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48
Q

Leading non-infectious cause of death in the 1st year of life

A

Congenital heart disease

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49
Q

True or false: The right side of the heart becomes predominant in infancy/childhood

A

False

(left side)

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50
Q

The ____________ becomes twice as thick by adulthood

A

Left ventricular wall

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51
Q

The heart is initially oriented __________ and changes to _______ orientation with lung expansion and growth

A

Horizontally
Vertical

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52
Q

Heart size __________at similar rate as body weight __________

A

Increases
Increases

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53
Q

Heart volume at birth

A

40 mL

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54
Q

Heart volume at 6 months

A

80 mL

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55
Q

Heart volume at age 2

A

160 mL

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56
Q

True or false: Ratio of heart volume to body weight remains constant at 10 mL/kg of body weight

A

True

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57
Q

True or false: There is an increase in the number of myocytes in infancy/childhood

A

False

(no increase)

58
Q

Changes in myocytes:

A

Increase in:
-cross sectional area of muscle fibers
-number of myofibrils per cross sectional area
-force production (increased contraction of myocyte, myofibrils mature and change from a random orientation to being oriented in the same direction, stroke volume –> increased efficiency)

59
Q

True or false: There is increased heart vascularization during infancy and childhood

A

True

60
Q

At birth, there is ___ vessel for every ____ muscle fibers

A

1
6

61
Q

The ratio for vessel to muscle fibers in adulthood

A

1:1

62
Q

True or false: Fetal hemoglobin levels are less than post-natal Hb levels

A

False

(it’s more)

63
Q

As the infant’s lungs begin to function, blood has less ____ and more _________

A

Hb
O2 saturation

64
Q

O2 saturation in umbilical vein

A

70%

65
Q

O2 saturation in arterial blood after birth

A

97%

66
Q

This is directly proportional to heart size

A

Stroke volume

67
Q

Infancy and childhood

Blood volume
Stroke volume
Heart rate
Blood pressure

(which increases and decreases?)

A

Blood volume: increases
Stroke volume: increases
Heart rate: decreases
Blood pressure: increases

68
Q

Blood pressure increase is strongly related to increase in ________ and ________

A

Height
Weight

69
Q

In adolescence, as body weight increases, _________ increases

A

Blood pressure

70
Q

In adulthood, heart size may increase due to __________

A

Fatty deposition

71
Q

True or false: In aging, there is increase in number of myocytes but decrease in size

A

False

(decrease, increase)

72
Q

True or false: There is a decrease in number of pacemaker cells in SA node leads to a slower HR

A

True

73
Q

True or false: Fibrous tissue and fat deposition can develop in the pacemaker pathways

A

True

74
Q

True or false: As the left ventricular wall becomes thicker, stroke volume increases

A

False

(decreases)

75
Q

During aging, the _________ becomes darker due to lipofuscan

A

Myocardium

76
Q

True or false: During aging, there is a thickening and calcification of valves

A

True

77
Q

True or false: Vessels become thinner, less stiff, and more flexible during aging

A

False

(thicker, stiffer, less flexible)

78
Q

True or false: Blood volume and number of red cells decrease during aging

A

True

79
Q

The number of most _________ typically remains the same

A

White blood cells

80
Q

As lymphocytes decrease in number there is a decreased ability to fight _______ and impaired ________

A

Infection
Immune function

81
Q

This is the leading cause of death, has 1 million heart attacks/yr, and 5 million adults with heart failure

A

Adult heart disease

82
Q

Components of pulmonary system

A

-Lungs
-Airways
-Blood vessels
-Thorax

83
Q

Primary function of pulmonary system

A

Gas exchange

84
Q

Site of gas exchange (bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide)

A

Lungs

85
Q

Pathway for air to lungs

A

Airways

86
Q

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Blood vessels

87
Q

Provides mechanical force in the pulmonary system

A

Thorax

88
Q

True or false: The pulmonary system is divided into 3 zones

A

False

(2 zones)

89
Q

Two zones for the pulmonary system

A

Conducting zone
Respiratory zone

90
Q

Zone that is the passageway for air to travel into and out of lungs

A

Conducting zone

91
Q

Zone that consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

A

Conducting zone

92
Q

Zone located deep in the lungs

A

Respiratory zone

93
Q

Zone that consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

A

Respiratory zone

94
Q

The respiratory system can be located in the ________ (specifically the _______ and ______)

A

Brain stem
Medulla oblongata
Pons

95
Q

Part of the nervous system that controls bronchial dilation

A

Sympathetic nervous system

96
Q

Part of the nervous system that controls bronchial constriction

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

97
Q

Detect changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen

A

Chemoreceptors

98
Q

The stretch receptors are located in the _______

A

Lungs

99
Q

Sensory and motor nerves are for the _________

A

Muscles of ventilation

100
Q

Examples of muscles of ventilation

A

Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm

101
Q

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled at rest with each breath

A

Tidal volume

102
Q

Amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration

A

Residual volume

103
Q

Total volume of air inspired and expired in one minute

A

Minute ventilation

104
Q

Time frame when there is differentiation of the trachea and bronchi, formation of the lung buds, and the beginning of the bronchi turning into the lungs

A

4-8 weeks of gestation

105
Q

Time frame for primitive alveoli form– development continues until birth

A

6 weeks

106
Q

Time frame for when the conducting zone is developed

A

8 weeks

107
Q

Time frame for when surfactant is produced

A

24 weeks

108
Q

Time frame for when viable respiratory zone develops

A

26-28 weeks

109
Q

At birth the rib cage is oriented _______ and ventilatory muscles are _________

A

Horizontally
Not fully developed

110
Q

True or false: There is a lack of efficient diaphragmatic breathing at birth

A

True

111
Q

Acheivements of sitting:

Ribs become ________
Diaphragm forms a _______
Ventilatory muscles become _________
Increased _________

A

Angled
Dome shape
Stronger
Efficiency

112
Q

True or false: There is an increase in the number of alveoli and pulmonary vascularization in infancy/childhood

A

True

113
Q

True or false: Airways are bigger in children

A

False

(smaller)

114
Q

Smooth muscles, alveolar elasticity, collateral ventilation mechanism are ______ in children

A

Decreased

115
Q

Bronchiole collapse, work of breaking, and infections are _________ in children based on the implications of decreased functions

A

Increased

116
Q

During adolescence, proximal airways and vasculature as well as alveolar size, elastic fibers in alveolar walls, and capillaries to alveoli __________

A

Increase

117
Q

True or false: Gas exchange does not increase in adolescence

A

False

(it does increase lol)

118
Q

True or false: At 19 years old, smooth muscle in arterial walls of the alveoli are fully developed

A

True

119
Q

Functional impairments are evident beginning in the _____ decade of life

A

7th decade– 60s

120
Q

During adulthood, there is a _________ in joint mobility, expansion of chest wall during breathing, and strength and endurance of inspiratory muscles

A

Decrease

121
Q

True or false: There is an altered length-tension relationship of muscles due to structural changes in thoracic cavity in adulthood/aging

A

True

122
Q

True or false: In adulthood/aging, there is decreased compliance and elasticity due to changes in collagen and elastin

A

True

123
Q

True or false: In adulthood/aging, vital capacity increases and residual volume decreases by age 70 due to impaired elastic recoil

A

False

(decreases…. increases)

124
Q

True or false: The body responds to these changes in adulthood/aging with an increase in breathing rate in order to increase minute ventilation

A

True

125
Q

Changes in the thoracic wall and muscles during adulthood lead to ________ work of breathing

A

Increased

126
Q

True or false: Decreased elasticity in the alveoli during adulthood/aging have increased susceptibility to collapse during expiration

A

True

127
Q

True or false: During adulthood/aging, an increase in lung size and alveoli due to increased residual volume means there is more time required for inspired air to reach alveoli

A

True

128
Q

True or false: The increased number of mucous glands and mucus in airways does not lead to more resistance to airflow

A

False

(it does)

129
Q

True or false: During adulthood/aging, vascular changes include a smaller capillary bed around the alveoli and decreased blood volume/flow the capillary bed

A

True

130
Q

True or false: During aging/adulthood, the pulmonary system is working harder and less oxygen is delivered to the body

A

True

131
Q

Maximum cardiac output and stroke volume, plasma volume, hemoglobin, and HDL ______ due to long term exercise

A

Increase

132
Q

Resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and LDL ________ due to long term exercise

A

Decrease

133
Q

Minute ventilation, vital capacity, and tidal volume _______ due to long term exercise

A

Increase

134
Q

Inspiratory/expiratory reserve and respiratory rate at submaximal exercise _______ due to long term exercise

A

Decrease

135
Q

True or false: Cardiac output, minute ventilation, and maximal aerobic capacity reflect the efficiency of the cardiopulmonary system

A

True

136
Q

Efficiency of the cardiovascular system

A

Cardiac output

137
Q

Stroke volume x heart rate

A

Cardiac output

138
Q

Efficiency of the pulmonary system

A

Minute ventilation

139
Q

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

A

Minute ventilation

140
Q

Maximal ability of an individual’s body to transport and use oxygen for energy production

A

Maximal aerobic capacity

141
Q

This is determined by level of cardiovascular and pulmonary fitness

A

Maximal aerobic capacity

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