Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Concepts > Week 2- Sensory System > Flashcards

Week 2- Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

These structures receive stimulus

A

Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

These have nerve axons and afferent pathways

A

Sensory pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This part of the nervous system transmit signals

A

Sensory pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This part of the body interprets or integrates sensory inputs

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This part of the nervous system has efferent pathways

A

Motor System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This part of the nervous system produces a response

A

Motor System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Two types of receptors

A

-Nerve cell
-Specialized epithelial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Activating receptors is _______ specific.

A

Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens during activation?

A

An external stimulus transforms to an electrical signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sensory pathways describe the _______ and _____ of the sensory stimulus

A

-type
-location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dependent on what type of receptor is activated

A

Type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Each receptor has a specific _______ on the sensory map in the brain

A

Location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Collection of cell bodies of the afferent sensory fibers

A

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The dorsal root ganglion is associated with the ________ of the spinal nerve.

A

Posterior/dorsal root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do the dorsal roots contain?

A

Sensory fibers from the skin, subcutaneous and deep tissues, and viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Primary afferent fibers of the dorsal roots are either _____________ or ____________.

A

-myelinated
-unmyelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: Cutaneous, joint, and visceral afferents are unmyelinated

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This involves peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher-level
processing

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The location of sensory receptors in the brain

A

Sensory map

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Shows the somatic sensory projections
from the body surface

A

Sensory homunculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The ability to use sensory information efficiently

A

Sensory integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or False: Combining several sensory inputs to produce a desired movement

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What systems are involved in stable standing balance?

A

Somatosensory (proprioception), vision, vestibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

These structures define the type, location, and intensity of stimulus

A

Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do receptors transform an external stimulus into?

A

Electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

This part of the nervous system transmits an electrical signal to area of brain that corresponds with receptor location

A

Sensory pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Interprets and integrates sensory signals

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Communicates with motor system to produce goal-directed
movement

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Receptors that detect touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

A

Mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Receptors that detect heat and cold

A

Thermoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Receptors that detect pain

A

Nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where does proprioceptive sensation come from?

A

Ligaments, muscles, joints, and tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Perception of sensation from inside the body

A

Interoception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Perception of one’s body in space

A

Proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

This branch of the nervous system transmits information about the senses of touch, pain, temperature,
and body position from sensory receptors to the CNS to regulate behavior

A

Somatosensory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the first system to function in utero?

A

Touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or False: Proprioceptive receptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs) are well-developed by mid-fetal life

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When does the fetus respond to touch around the mouth?

A

7 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When are muscle spindles formed?

A

12 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When are golgi tendon organs formed?

A

16 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When does cutaneous sensation spread to the entire body?

A

17 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

True or false: All sensory systems are matured at birth

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The __________ is completely myelinated at birth

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

True or false: Complete structural maturation of sensory pathways occur throughout childhood

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What happens in the structural maturation of sensory pathways in childhood?
-increased nerve conduction velocity
-redistribution of axon branching
-increased synaptic efficiency
-all the above

A

all the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Reflex used by an infant to locate food

A

Rooting reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

True or false: Touch is a crucial role in parent-infant attachment, sociability, and cognitive development

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

When does specific touch localization happen?

A

12-16 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

When do children identify objects by touch?

A

5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

When can a baby sense two-point discrimination?

A

7 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

True or false: Proprioception is not used very early after birth

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What movements can babies execute regarding proprioception?

A

-imitation
-reaching
-locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

When do muscle spindles mature?

A

As early as 3 years old

55
Q

When does proprioceptive acuity for movements improve?

A

Between 5-12 years

56
Q

True or false: The sensory system is keenest during late adolescence into early adulthood

A

True

57
Q

When does sensory function begin to decline?

A

Adulthood (specifically middle age)

58
Q

True or false: Peripheral and central changes always correlate with a decline in function

A

False

59
Q

Reaction time peaks in ______, then slows by ____% during middle adulthood

A

-mid 20s
-20%

60
Q

What does dry skin and less elasticity lead to?

A

Compromised precision of cutaneous receptors

61
Q

How does sensory functioning decline in aging?
-decrease in number of sensory systems
-decrease in functioning of remaining sensory neruons
-structural and physiological changes within the CNS
-all the above

A

All the above

62
Q

True or false: Decrease in number of receptors leads to a decline in fine touch, pressure, and vibration sense

A

True

63
Q

What does a loss up to 30% of sensory fibers innervating peripheral receptors lead to?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

64
Q

True or false: Arthritic changes affect the ability of joint receptors to detect joint motion

A

True

65
Q

True or False: There is decreasing feedback that the CNS normally receives during movement when when atrophy is found in muscle spindles, joint receptors, and GTO

A

True

66
Q

As redundancy of sensory information decreases because of age-related changes, how do older adults respond to it?

A

They are forced to compensate more

67
Q

What are examples of functional consequences in aging?

A

-postural instability
-exaggerated body sway
-balance problems
-gait disturbances
-diminished fine motor coordination
-tendency to drop things held in hands
-difficulty recognizing body or limb positions in space

68
Q

What does vision provide individuals information about?

A

-the external world
-identification of external objects and determination of their movement
-where the body is in space, the relationship of one’s body parts, and the motion of one’s body

69
Q

This is the dominant sensory modality in humans

A

Visual system

70
Q

Vision is vital in control of _________.

A

-posture
-locomotion
-balance
-hand function

71
Q

Structures and receptors in the eyeball

A

Peripheral anatomy

72
Q

How many extraocular muscles do we have?

A

6

73
Q

This nerve carries nerve impulses in the visual system

A

Optic nerve

74
Q

The occipital cortex contains the ___________ cortex

A

Visual

75
Q

True or false: Head position and head control are not important elements leading to visual function

A

False

76
Q

How many types of eye movements are controlled by the 6 extraocular muscles?

A

4

77
Q

Quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes in the same direction

A

Saccades

78
Q

Slow smooth eye movements and allows the eyes to closely follow moving object

A

Slow pursuit or tracking

79
Q

Reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina

A

VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex)

80
Q

Produces eye movement in opposite direction to head movement

A

VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex)

81
Q

Simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions

A

Vergence

82
Q

Eyes rotate towards each other

A

Convergence

83
Q

Eyes rotate away from each other

A

Divergence

84
Q

Where does the visual system derive from during the prenatal stage?

A

Thalamus in diencephalon

85
Q

True or false: Complete maturation of sensory pathways occur after birth

A

True

86
Q

What colors do newborns initially see?

A

Black and white

87
Q

The best distance for fixation, regarding newborns, is _____ away from eyes

A

7-9 inches

88
Q

What preference do newborns have in visual development?

A

Pattern preference, especially for a human face

89
Q

At 2 months old, what colors do infants see?

A

Red and yellow

90
Q

How old can infants track vertically, horizontally, and in circular paths?

A

2 months

91
Q

When do infants prefer a colored object that has a perception of form?

A

3 months

92
Q

When to infants have full color vision?

A

4 months

93
Q

Binocular vision matures between ____________.

A

3-5 months

94
Q

When does adult-like binocular vision occur?

A

2 years old

95
Q

When is adult levels of visual acuity achieved?

A

12 months

96
Q

What promotes visual interest?

A

Postural control

97
Q

Children between 4-6 years old are highly dependent on visual feedback for _____________ and __________.

A

-upright postural control
-balance

98
Q

True or false: Visual perception becomes increasingly more accurate during preschool years

A

True

99
Q

When does the visual system mature and become more sophisticated?

A

Adolescence

100
Q

This visual system coupling is important in adolescence

A

Eye-hand coordination and perception-action

101
Q

When do people have perceptual judgments regarding size of objects?

A

Age 11

102
Q

When do adolescents have achieved adult levels of depth perception?

A

Age 12

103
Q

How does visual acuity change in adulthood?

A

-increases in 20s/30s
-remains stable during 40s/50s
-most rapid decline occurs between 60s/80s

104
Q

Cataracts begin to form in individuals _______ (age).

A

over 30

105
Q

When does presbyopia develop? (age)

A

Age 45

106
Q

When does one begin to have decline in ability to quickly adapt from light to dark environments? (age)

A

After age 40

107
Q

Cataract formation is in _____% of adults over _____

A

-60%
-65

108
Q

Macular degeneration is in _____% of adults over _____

A

-28%
-75

109
Q

What happens as field of vision diminishes?

A

There is a loss of depth perception

110
Q

What do slowed peripheral and central processing impair?

A

-postural control
-balance
-safety
-independence

111
Q

This provides information regarding the position of the head in space

A

Vestibular system

112
Q

True or false: The visual system detects sudden changes in the direction of movement of the head

A

False

(vestib system)

113
Q

Vestibular inputs integrate _______ and ______ information to coordinate motor responses

A

Visual and proprioceptive information

114
Q

True or false: The vestibular system assists with eye stabilization and static and dynamic postural stability during standing and walking

A

True

115
Q

Vestibular structures begin as a thickening of the ______ within the primitive ear in the ____ week of gestation

A

-ectoderm
-4th week

116
Q

As a fetus moves in utero, what provides information about that movement?

A

Vestibular apparatus

117
Q

True or false: The vestibular system is completely unmyelinated at birth

A

False

(it is myelinated)

118
Q

What is movement behavior developed by?

A

Movement experience and acquiring postural control against gravity

119
Q

What does movement behavior lead to during the infancy/childhood stage?

A

Development of trunk righting and equilibrium reactions

120
Q

True or false: Rocking and spinning contribute to the maturation of the vestibular system

A

True

121
Q

When does development of the ability to relate eye movements to head movements occur?

A

Infancy/childhood

122
Q

When is normal VOR present?

A

By 2 months of age

123
Q

True or false: There is an increase in vestibular sensitivity from birth to a peak between 6-12 months of age that gradually declines from 2.5 yrs to puberty

A

True

124
Q

When is full maturity of the vestibular system achieved?

A

10-14 yrs of age

125
Q

Vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems coordinate to control __________.

A

Balance

126
Q

How old do you gain static balance?

A

9-12 yrs

127
Q

How old do you gain dynamic balance?

A

12 yrs

128
Q

True or false: The number of sensory cells and nerve fibers increase in the PNS during adulthood around age 40

A

False

129
Q

True or false: Dizziness and vertigo are common issues for people over age 50

A

True

130
Q

There are 40% in hair cells and 36% reduction in peripheral nerve fibers in adults ________ (age)

A

over 70

131
Q

What does deterioration in central vestibular integrative functions lead to?

A

Impaired balance

132
Q

True or false: The vestibular system becomes unreliable when visual and proprioceptive input conflicts

A

True

133
Q

What is the order of sensory system development?

A

Touch
Vestibular
Smell
Hearing
Vision
Taste
Proprioception

Developmental Concepts (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions