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Developmental Concepts > Week 10- Geriatrics 1 > Flashcards

Week 10- Geriatrics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Up to ____% of grandparents live in a household with and provide for a grandchild

A

30

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2
Q

Age range for geriatrics

A

65 and older

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3
Q

In 2020, people 65 and over compromised ____% of the population in the US

A

20%

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4
Q

True or false: Women continue to have a longer life expectancy than men

A

True

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5
Q

True or false: The majority of older adults age 65+ do not live in the community with their spouse

A

False

(they do)

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6
Q

____% of people age 85+ live in long term care facilities

A

15

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7
Q

-Cells have limited lifespan
-Biological clock in each cell controls the aging process
-At some point, cells lose functional capacities which creates aging

A

Hayflick Limit Theory

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8
Q

-Hypothalamus controls release many hormones that regulate body functions via chain reactions
-Aging decreases the production of hormones, which decreases ability to repair and regulate body functions

A

Neuroendocrine and hormonal theory

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9
Q

-Caloric restriction extends lifespan and slows aging process
-Caloric restriction reduces metabolic rate and oxidative stress, improves insulin sensitivity, alters endocrine and neuro function
-Mechanism unknown

A

Caloric restriction theory

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10
Q

-Free radicals damage cells via oxidation, eventually killing cells
-Free radicals attach to cells and interfere with normal processes
-Free radical damage begins at birth and continues until death

A

Free radical theory

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11
Q

-Errors in molecules made by DNA accumulate and eventually kill the cell

A

Error/catastrophe theory

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12
Q

-Genetic damage or mutation results from radiation, accumulates with age

A

Somatic mutation theory

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13
Q

-Aging results from cross linking of proteins
-Cross links interfere with/slow down normal processes, eventually killing organism

A

Cross linking theory

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14
Q

Type of aging that is inevitable and affects all systems

A

Primary aging

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15
Q

Type of aging based on lifestyle, environment, and disease

A

Secondary aging

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16
Q

Factors that contribute to healthy aging

A

-Physical activity
-Lifestyle
-Sense of purpose
-Stress management
-Social networks
-Family support
-Quality sleep

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17
Q

Aging that includes gradual decline in functioning of body systems

A

Typical aging

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18
Q

Body systems affected by typical aging

A

-Musculoskeletal
-Cardiopulmonary
-Integumentary
-Cognitive
-Visual
-Auditory
-Vestibular
-Genitourinary

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19
Q

Aging that may look like normal aging but is due to underlying disease processes (especially refers to declines in cognition)

A

Atypical aging

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20
Q

Dementia, Alzheimer’s, and Mild Cognitive Impairment are part of this aging

A

Atypical aging

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21
Q

____% muscle loss between 20-50

A

5-10

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22
Q

Peak bone density occurs at age ____

A

30

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23
Q

True or false: After age 30, there is more bone resorption than deposition

A

True

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24
Q

Increase in bone resorption leads to…

A

Osteoporosis
Osteopenia
Fractures

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25
Q

True or false: There is no loss in weight/change in body composition as people get older

A

False

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26
Q

Neuromuscular changes

A

-Decrease in brain weight and volume
-Decrease in vascular supply and metabolism
-Decrease in nerve conduction and velocity
-Risk for neurological diseases increases with age (stroke, dementia, epilepsy, ALS, Parkinson’s)

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27
Q

Neuro red flags

A

-LOC
-Confusion
-Seizures
-Sudden bowel/bladder incontinence
-Sudden gait abnormalities

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28
Q

This is the #1 cause of death in the US

A

Heart disease

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29
Q

VO2 max declines ____% per decade after 20

A

10

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30
Q

Cardiopulmonary changes

A

-Decreased cardiac output
-Decreased blood vessel elasticity
-Heart cells thicken/become more fibrotic
-Decrease in pacemaker cells
-Decreased chest wall compliance
-Decreased lung capacity

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31
Q

Oral changes

A

-Decreased saliva production
-Increased risk of swallowing difficulty

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32
Q

Gut changes

A

-Altered digestive hormones
-Decreased stomach motility
-Decreased peristalsis

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33
Q

True or false: Older people have earlier satiety and impaired olfaction

A

True

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34
Q

Presbyopia may occur around age ____

A

35-40

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35
Q

Visual acuity _________ and there is a hardening and yellowing of ________

A

Decreases
Lens

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36
Q

Clouding of lens due to protein buildup

A

Cataracts

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37
Q

Loss of peripheral vision

A

Glaucoma

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38
Q

Loss of clarity at center of visual field

A

Macular degeneration

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39
Q

Damaged blood vessels in eye

A

Retinopathy

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40
Q

Largest organ in the body that accounts 15% of body weight

A

Skin

41
Q

Integumentary changes

A

-Decreased dermis and epidermis thickness
-Fewer blood vessels, oil, and sweat gland (less thermoregulation, less hydration)
-Decreased cell turnover (increased healing time, decreased barrier function)
-Fewer mast cells (increased risk of infection)
-Less collagen and elastin (thinner skin, wrinkles)

42
Q

True or false: The skin is never overlooked

A

False

(it is lol)

43
Q

These can occur if you do not check the skin on every patient

A

Skin tears
Pressure injuries

44
Q

Normal changes in cognition due to aging

A

-Slower cognitive speed
-Decreased word finding ability (verbal retrieval)
-Decreased selective or divided attention
-Difficulty with learning new things
-Decreased executive cognitive function

45
Q

True or false: Long term memory and procedural memory are not stable

A

False

(they are)

46
Q

True or false: Retention of newly learned information is generally stable, but may require more cueing to recall

A

True

47
Q

True or false: Visual recognition of objects remains stable

A

True

48
Q

-Withdrawal from hobbies, social activities, family/friends
-Easily confused, suspicious, depressed

A

Mood changes

49
Q

-Getting lost while driving to a familiar location
-Bumping into things
-Decreased peripheral vision

A

Visuospatial changes

50
Q

-Inability to recognize people
-Decreased long term memory

A

Memory changes

51
Q

True or false: Geriatric patients may have communication difficulties

A

True

52
Q

True or false: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) interferes with ADLs

A

False

53
Q

True or false: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) reduces capabilities of a person compared to their respective age and education level

A

True

54
Q

There is a gradual cognitive decline over ____ months

A

6+

55
Q

MCI has an inverse relationship with…

A

Education

56
Q

MCI increases risk of…

A

Alzheimer’s

57
Q

An umbrella term that describes a collection of symptoms that are caused by disorders affecting the brain. Not one specific disease.

A

Dementia

58
Q

Dementia affects…

A

-Thinking
-Behavior
-Ability to perform everyday tasks

59
Q

True or false: Brain function in dementia is affected enough to interfere with a person’s normal social or working life

A

True

60
Q

Most common type of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s

61
Q

Diagnostic criteria for dementia (2 or more must be significantly impaired)

A

-Memory
-Communication and language
-Ability to focus and pay attention
-Reasoning and judgement
-Visual perception

62
Q

Conditions that may present as dementia

A

-Depression
-UTI
-Delirium
-Medication side effects
-Vitamin deficiency
-Alcohol/drug abuse

63
Q

Sudden change in mental function

A

Delirium

64
Q

Delirium is often accompanied by…

A

-Decreased level of consciousness
-Slurred speech
-Agitation
-Hallucinations
-Emotional lability

65
Q

Causes of delirium

A

-UTI or infection
-Dehydration
-Hospitalization (11-42% of hospitalized older adults)
-Drug interactions

66
Q

Most common mental health condition in people age 65+

A

Depression

67
Q

Depression occurs in ____% of the overall older adult population

A

11-16

68
Q

True or false: The rate of depression decreases among lower socioeconomic status patients

A

False

(increases)

69
Q

Biggest contributors to depression in geriatrics

A

-Loneliness
-Life events
-Transitions

70
Q

Depression presentations

A

-Sadness, anxiety, irritability, hopelessness
-Cognitive problems (concentration, memory, indecisiveness)
-Low self esteem, apathy
-Withdrawal from family/friends, hobbies
-Difficulties sleeping
-Weight changes
-Slowed movement

71
Q

Most common types of cancer

A

-Breast
-Lung
-Prostate
-Colorectal

72
Q

There is a ___x increased chance of developing cancer as an older adult than as a younger person

A

11

73
Q

Signs and symptoms of cancer

A

-Constant pain that occurs at night
-Weight loss
-Fever
-Extreme fatigue
-Back pain

74
Q

Often juvenile onset, pancreas does not produce insulin

A

Type 1 diabetes

75
Q

Generally middle age onset, pancreas decreases insulin production

A

Type 2 diabetes

76
Q

Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes

A

-Obesity
-Family history
-High blood pressure
-Lack of exercise
-Age over 45
-African American, American Indian, or Pacific Islander

77
Q

Complications of diabetes

A

-Diabetic neuropathy
-Diabetic retinopathy
-Poor wound healing
-Increased risk of stroke
-Increased risk of some cancers

78
Q

Key hallmark of frailty

A

Decreased physiologic reserve across multiple organ systems leading to identifiable alterations in physical function

79
Q

BMI < 18.5

A

Underweight

80
Q

Aspects of being underweight

A

-Weakness
-Slow gait speed
-Low energy
-Shrinking
-Inactivity

81
Q

True or false: Frailness does not affect physical, cognitive, and psychological domains

A

False

(it does)

82
Q

Frailness is predictive of…

A

-Falls
-Hospitalization
-Death
-Disability

83
Q

_________ are a leading cause of long term disability

A

Strokes

84
Q

Strokes reduce _________ in over half of stroke survivors over age _____

A

Mobility
65

85
Q

Stroke risk factors

A

-AGE
-HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
-DIABETES
-Smoking
-High cholesterol
-Heart disease

86
Q

Acronym used for Stroke

A

F- face
A- arms
S- speech
T- time

87
Q

Primary infection acquired in hospitals or long term care facilities

A

UTI’s

88
Q

UTI’s are the most common cause of hospitalization for a __________ infection

A

Bacterial

89
Q

True or false: UTI’s are more common in women

A

True

90
Q

____% of women 65+ have had a UTI within the last 12 months

A

10%

91
Q

Signs and symptoms of UTI’s

A

-Fever
-Flank pain
-Hematuria
-CHANGE IN MENTAL AND FUNCTION STATUS (often mimics dementia)
-Report falling or LoB

92
Q

Primary older adults are ___x more likely to have pneumonia, and ___x more likely to be hospitalized

A

4
5

93
Q

Effects of pneumonia

A

-Increased risk of aspiration with age
-Decreased immune response
-Decreased ability to clear the airway (weaker supportive muscles such as diaphragm and intercostals)

94
Q

Second leading cause of hospital acquired infection

A

Pneumonia

95
Q

Pneumonia occurs in ___% of all hospital admissions

A

8-10

96
Q

Pneumonia leads to roughly ___% of all diagnoses of sepsis

A

50

97
Q

Pneumonia results in a ___% mortality rate

A

33

98
Q

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination based on age

A

Ageism

99
Q

Ageism is associated with…

A

-Earlier death
-Poorer physical and mental health
-Poor health behaviors

Developmental Concepts (12 decks)

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