Week 9- Management of the Neonatal Foal

Question 1

What is the normal time for a foal to start nursing

Answer 1

Within 2 hours

Question 2

What is the normal time for a foal to stand

Answer 2

Within 1 hour

Question 3

How soon should a foal attempt to stand

Answer 3

Within 30 minutes

Question 4

What is the normal time for a foal to pass meconium

Answer 4

Within the first few hours

Question 5

What is meconium composed of

Answer 5

Debris from ingested amniotic fluid

Question 6

What colour is normal meconium

Answer 6

Dark brown or black

Question 7

When should a foal urinate for the first time

Answer 7

10 to 12 hours

Question 8

What is the normal urine specific gravity in a foal

Answer 8

<1.005

Question 9

What indicates proteinuria in a neonatal foal

Answer 9

Normal first urine

Question 10

How often does a healthy foal nurse

Answer 10

5 to 7 times per hour

Question 11

What is a sign of a strong suckle reflex

Answer 11

Tongue curl and cross-nursing

Question 12

What does a weak suckle reflex suggest

Answer 12

Neurological or systemic illness

Question 13

What does failure to nurse suggest in a foal

Answer 13

Sepsis or NMS

Question 14

What is a primary risk factor for sepsis

Answer 14

Failure of passive transfer

Question 15

What IgG concentration indicates complete FTPI

Answer 15

<4 g per litre

Question 16

What IgG range suggests partial FTPI

Answer 16

4 to 8 g per litre

Question 17

What diagnostic test confirms FTPI

Answer 17

IgG SNAP or quantitative test

Question 18

What does high fibrinogen in a foal suggest

Answer 18

In utero infection or inflammation

Question 19

What is a normal lactate concentration in a foal

Answer 19

<2 mmol per litre

Question 20

What lactate level is concerning in foals

Answer 20

> 6 mmol per litre

Question 21

What does increased lactate indicate

Answer 21

Poor tissue perfusion and disease severity

Question 22

What are early signs of sepsis in foals

Answer 22

Lethargy and reduced nursing

Question 23

What are possible circulatory signs of sepsis

Answer 23

Tachycardia and injected mucous membranes

Question 24

What type of bacteria commonly cause sepsis in foals

Answer 24

Gram negative enteric bacteria

Question 25

What is the gold standard test for diagnosing sepsis

Answer 25

Blood culture

Question 26

What antibiotic protocol is used empirically for sepsis

Answer 26

Broad spectrum IV antibiotics

Question 27

What is the main sign of neonatal isoerythrolysis

Answer 27

Icterus and pigmenturia

Question 28

When do NI signs typically appear

Answer 28

1 to 3 days after birth

Question 29

What is the pathogenesis of NI

Answer 29

Maternal antibodies destroy foal RBCs via colostrum

Question 30

How is NI treated

Answer 30

Stop colostrum and provide plasma or transfusion

Question 31

What is used to confirm NI

Answer 31

Coombs test or jaundice foal agglutination test

Question 32

What is a classic sign of uroperitoneum

Answer 32

Progressive abdominal distension

Question 33

What are the electrolyte abnormalities in uroperitoneum

Answer 33

Hyperkalaemia hyponatraemia hypochloraemia

Question 34

How is uroperitoneum diagnosed

Answer 34

Compare peritoneal and plasma creatinine

Question 35

What is the definitive treatment for uroperitoneum

Answer 35

Surgical correction of defect

Question 36

How do you stabilise a uroperitoneum case

Answer 36

Correct electrolytes and give fluids

Question 37

What are signs of hypovolaemia in foals

Answer 37

Pale membranes weak pulse prolonged CRT

Question 38

How is hypovolaemia treated

Answer 38

IV isotonic fluids

Question 39

What are signs of dehydration in foals

Answer 39

Sunken eyes tacky membranes reduced turgor

Question 40

What can cause prematurity in foals

Answer 40

Placental insufficiency or twin pregnancy

Question 41

What gestational age defines prematurity

Answer 41

<320 days

Question 42

What is dysmaturity

Answer 42

Foal born at term with signs of prematurity

Question 43

What are signs of prematurity

Answer 43

Silky coat floppy ears tendon laxity

Question 44

What is incomplete ossification associated with

Answer 44

Prematurity and dysmaturity

Question 45

How is prematurity managed

Answer 45

Supportive care feeding and thermoregulation

Question 46

What is NMS

Answer 46

Neonatal maladjustment syndrome

Question 47

What causes NMS

Answer 47

Periparturient hypoxia or failure of hormonal transition

Question 48

What are clinical signs of NMS

Answer 48

Poor suckle wandering vocalising seizures

Question 49

How is NMS treated

Answer 49

Oxygen fluids nursing care and seizure control

Question 50

What is the Madigan squeeze technique

Answer 50

Method to mimic hormonal transition at birth

Question 51

What are two causes of seizures in foals

Answer 51

NMS and hypoglycaemia

Question 52

What are diagnostic tests for sick foals

Answer 52

Bloodwork IgG ultrasound lactate

Question 53

What enzyme may be high in sick foals

Answer 53

Creatinine due to placental transfer

Question 54

How does ultrasound help in foal diagnostics

Answer 54

Assess thorax abdomen bladder

Question 55

What is the normal heart rate for a newborn foal

Answer 55

80 to 100 bpm

Question 56

What temperature indicates pyrexia in foals

Answer 56

Above 39 degrees Celsius

Question 57

What is a key sign of colic in foals

Answer 57

Straining and tail flagging

Question 58

What is the most common cause of neonatal colic

Answer 58

Meconium impaction

Question 59

How is uncomplicated meconium impaction treated

Answer 59

Warm soapy water enema

Question 60

What is a critical emergency in foals

Answer 60

Sepsis with hypovolaemia and FTPI