WEEK 7- Olfaction, vision, taste, audition Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
what are the 5 main things are eyes collect info on
A
- Object location
- Size
- Color
- Texture
- Motion
2
Q
- Object location
- Size
- Color
- Texture
- Motion
are all things the _____ picks up on
A
eye
3
Q
what is the order that light passes through before reaching the retina
A
cornea
pupil
lens
4
Q
true or false this is the prder taht light passes through before egtting to the retina
pupul
lens
cornea
A
false
5
Q
true or false the retina is the first location that light passes throiugh from the the outside
A
false, the cornea
6
Q
what type of cells doe sthe retina contain
A
photoreceptive cells
7
Q
what are the two types of photoreceptive cells
A
rods and cones
8
Q
what is teh function of photorecetive cells in the retina
A
responding to light
9
Q
how is visual info passed to the brain
A
information sent by axons through optic disk along the optic nerve to the brain
10
Q
what is the fovea
A
area of highest visual acuity
11
Q
what is the optic disk
A
“blind spot” area without photorecpetors
area where optic nerve leaves the eye
12
Q
true or flase the left eye contains the left visual field an dthe right contains teh right visual field
A
fasle,
each eye contains both left an dright visual fields
13
Q
true or flase
Both eyes receive information from Left and Right visual fields
A
true
14
Q
why do we receive left an dright visual field info in both eyes
A
so that we can compensate if we lose vision in one eye
15
Q
is this true:
the right eye has their left visual field on the nasal aspect and the right visual field on the temporal aspect
BUT the left eye ha steh right visual field on the nasal aspect and the left visual field on the temporal aspect
A
yes
16
Q
how are visual fields presented on the retina
A
binocular visual fields
flipped horizontally and vertically
17
Q
is peripheral vision monocular or binocular
A
monocular= only visible on one eye
18
Q
True or false
left peripheral vision is only being represented on teh left nasal retina
A
true
(comes from left temporal field of vision)
19
Q
Axons of which part of the eye go to brain
A
retinal cell axons
20
Q
optic chiasm is composed of which retina axons (nasal or temporal)
A
nasal
21
Q
nasal retina image is which field of view
A
temporal
22
Q
true or false temporal retina axons cross at the chiasm
A
false
temporal field of view but nasal retina
23
Q
Which field of vision do optic tracts consists of
A
contralateral field of vision
24
Q
is this true:
right optic tract contains information from left visual field
A
yes
25
what is right hemianopsia
loss of right visual field
26
what is Phototransduction:
light energy converted into electrical signals
27
which cells convert light to electrical signals
photoreceptors (rods and cones)
28
true or false photoreceptors produce action potentials.
false, they do not
29
do photoreceptors depolarize in the presence of light
no they hyperpolarize in the presence of light and release less neurotansmitter
30
in the presence of light, photorecepetors release a _____ release of neurotransmitters
steady
31
rods and cones synapse with
bipolar cells
32
which part of the RETINA does light land on first
external layer = photoreceptors
33
what is the order of cells in the RETINA that light passes through
PHOTORECEPTORS
BIPOLAR CELLS
RETINAL GANGLION CELLS
34
TRUE OR FALSE
When photoreceptors are hyper polarized, neurotransmitter release to Bipolar cells is increased
false
35
are bipolar cells excitatory or inhibitory
excititory
36
In teh presence of ligth after synapsing with the _____ bipolar cells depolarize and synapse with _______
photoreceptors
retinal ganglion cells
37
which cells form the optic nerve
RETINAL GANGLION CELL
38
where are action potentials generated
in optic nerve
39
rods and cones are
photoreceptors
40
rods and cones synapse with
bipolar cells
41
peripheral or central visual fields cross at teh chiasm
peripheral = temporal visual fiels that land on the nasal aspect of each eye
42
_____ rods synapse with _____ bipolar cell
multiple
ONE
43
rods are _____ sensitive to light but _____ acuity
more
lower
44
do rods have high or low acuity
low
45
are rods more or less sensitive to ligjt than cones
more
46
____ cone synapses wiwith _______ bipolar cell
one
one
47
cones are _____ sensitive to light but _____ acuity
less
higher
48
cones are repsonsible for what type of vision
colour
49
cones are much more concentrated where
at the foveaaaaaa
makes sence seeming it has higher visual acuity
Cone = aCuity
50
is thsi true:
we do not interpret each small dot of light of each receptive field in our environment
true
51
true or false the WAY we perceive colours is through cones
false = high motor cortext
being able to see colour is cones
but my blue an dyour blue are diff
52
which two centers do we have in retinal ganglion cells (RGC)
on centre
off centre
53
what do on centre RGC do
produce action potentials when light is shined in the centre of their receptive fields and are inhibited by light in the surround area
54
what do OFF centre RGC do
produce Action Potentials when there is decreased light in the centre of their receptive fields
55
what do we see if not each small dot of light
CONTRAst = BOUNDARIES, EDHGES, CORNERS
and teh rest is filled in my out brains
56
true or false
Ganglion cells are very responsive when the center and surround are simultaneously stimulated by light and dark
true
57
what is the vidual pathway steps
retina
optic nerve
LGN
primary visal cortex
(superior colliculus for reflexes and eye movent)
58
what is LGN
he first processing centre from visual info from the optic nerve
59
lesion to the right optic nerve :
complete loss fo sight in eye
(lecture she says loss of right peripheral info)
60
right optic tract lesion
compleet loss of left visual field
61
lesion to optic chiasm
temporal visual fields lost
62
loss of right primary visual cortex
loss of left visual field
63
quadrantonopsia can happen where
in optic radiations and in the cortical region below or above calcarine sulcus
64
what are retinopic maps
Ensures that orientation/spatial
information about visual stimuli are communicated from the retina to the upper levels of the visual pathway.
65
what am i describing Ensures that orientation/spatial
information about visual stimuli are communicated from the retina to the upper levels of the visual pathway.
retinopic organziation
66
true or false Details are further refined in the primary visual cortex
true
67
how are details furtehr refined in teh visual cortex (3 examples)
level of orientation, rate of motion, amount of light contrast...)
68
true or false : visual cortex is bringing in all the pieces togetehr to see an image
true
69
what is the purpose of smell
Detect airborne molecules – Odorants
70
what does smell influence (4)
social interactions, reproduction, defensive responses and feeding
71
Airborne odorants interact with ______ int he _________
olfactory receptor neurons
olfactory epithelium
72
cell bodies of primary sensory neurons of olfactory system are located hwere
olfactory epithelium
73
olfactpry neurvce is
axons from the receptor neuron
74
where do the central projections of the receptor olfactory neuron project through and who do they project to
cribiform plate and to the olfactory bulb
75
what is the path of smell
primary sensory neurons (olfctory nerve) in the olfactory epithelium sensing odorants in area
synapse with secondary sensory neurons in olfactory bulb through the cribiform plate
info travels through olfactory tarct to piriform cortex (also amygdala)
then to orbitofrontal cortex + thalamus for more descrimination of smells
also to hypothalamus and hippocampus for emotiosn and memory
76
true or false Olfactory signals can evoke memories (hypothalamus/ hippocampus), emotions (amygdala
true
77
if smell goes to the amygdala what canit evoke
emotions
78
if smell goes to hypothalamus and hippocampus what can it evoke
memories
79
know the slide about tranduction of an odour to action potential
80
true or false teh olfactory nerve is teh bulb and tract
false its the primary sensory neuron eho has receptirs durectky receing the odorant
81
what is the purpose of gustary system 2 reasons
* Information about ingested substances
(quality, quantity and safety)
* prepares the GI system to receive and digest food
82
what are the 5 types of taste
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami
83
where are taste cells located
on taste buds
84
where are taste buds located
the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and upper esophagus
85
what do taste buds contain
gustatory neurons
86
which CN detect taste
VII, IX and X
87
where doe sthe first synapse occur
NUCLEUS SOLIATIUS
88
who does ant 2/3 of taset on tongue
dn 7
89
who does posterior 1/3 tatse
9
90
who does taste on epiglottis
10
91
does tatse got o thalamus if yes where
yes VPM
92
what is the auditory system main purpise
* Important to movement, attention, and arousal
Guides behaviours such as orienting to stimuli, communication, as well as self-generated sounds
93
humans with normal hearing can detect sounds form
20Hz to 20 KHz
94
ear is divided in 3 main part
outer
middle
inner
95
timpanic membrabe is ttached to which bone
malleus
96
what are the bones of teh ear
malleus
incus
stapes
97
inner ear is what
cochlea +vestibular ap
98
sounds from the external ear pass through the middle ear and hit the _____
tympanic membrane
99
teh tympanic membrane is responsible for
amplifying sounds
100
inner ear is made up of the ____
cochlea
101
what does the organ of corti house
inner hair cells
outer hair cells
basillar membrane
tectorial membrane
102
hair cells are between what
tectorial membrane
basillar
103
what happens when sound enters the ear
Sounds produce shearing motions between the basilar membrane and the and the tectorial membrane.
The shearing motions bend the hair cells, opening ion channels and producing action potentials in the auditory nerve (found in the spiral ganglion).
104
what is the organ of corti
sense organ of hearing
105
hair cells lie on which membrane
basilar
106
basilar membrane is in....
organ of corti
107
stereocilia on hair cells bend due to what
vibration of teh basilar membrane
108
stereocilia bends against what
tectorial membrane
109
what kind of channels are present at the stereocilia
mechanically gated
110
what happebs when stereocilia on hair cells are bent?
mechanically gated ion channels open and ions flow in causeing an AP through it and into the auditory nerve
111
which hair cells in particular cause "opens ion channels and triggers an action potential"
inner
112
which hair cells cause "Act mechanically on basilar membrane and improve frequency sensitivity of inner hair cells"
outer
113
which hair cells transduce sound stimulus
inner
114
which hair cells are afferent
inner
115
which hair cells receive input from CNS
outer
116
true or false outer hair cells are afferent
false
117
outer cells are "efferent or afferent"
effeerent
118
damage to which hair cells cause heraing loss
inner
119
understand how the auditory pathway is !!!
we know this cuxz of anat
120
what are the 4 inmporatnt structure sinthe auditory pathway
Cochlear nucleus:
superior olivary nuclei
inferior colliculis
medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
121
wher eis the auditory cortex
temporal love
122
whatis the role of superior olivary complex
sound localization
123
role of thalamus and inferior colliculi
x
further processing of frequency, amplitude and localization information.processing sounds
