WEEK 2- MS pt 1

Question 1

what makes up the Cns

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

what make sup the PNS

Answer 2

(everything else besides brain and spinal cord)
* Somatosensory system
* Autonomic nervous system
* Sympathetic
* Parasympathetic

Question 3

what are neurons (general)

Answer 3

information processors

Question 4

Neurons ______ and _____ information through synapses

Answer 4

send
receive

Question 5

name two important structires of neurons

Answer 5

axons
dendrites

Question 6

what kind of neurons come togetehr at a synapse ?

Answer 6

presynaptic
post synaptic

Question 7

true or false : a post synaptic neuron passes info to the presynaptic neuron at the synapse

Answer 7

false … its the reverse…. but technically the post synaptic neuron becomes the pre synaptic when it passe sinfo to teh next neuron

Question 8

true or false? glial cells are directly involved in synaptic transmission

Answer 8

false = no electrcal signaling properties

Question 9

name 3 common types of glial cells (from notes)

Answer 9

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia

Question 10

true or false oligodendrocytes are involved in myelin procuction

Answer 10

true

Question 11

what are glial cells known for?

Answer 11

maintaining ionic milieu

Question 12

what do glial cells help modulate

Answer 12

rate of signal
neurotransmitter reuptake
metabolism of neurotransmitter

Question 13

what are two types of synaose

Answer 13

electrical
chemical

Question 14

are electrical synapse fast?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

are lectrical synapse unidirection or bidirectional

Answer 15

trick question… theyre both

Question 16

where does an AP flow from 1 neuron to the next in elevctrical synapse

Answer 16

gap junction

Question 17

true or false in an electrical synapse neurons are touching

Answer 17

true

Question 18

true or false chemical synapse are slower than electrical synapse

Answer 18

true

Question 19

are chemical synapse unidirectional or bidirectional

Answer 19

uni

Question 20

Action Potential in presynaptic neuron leads to opening of…..
for chemical synapse

Answer 20

voltage gated Ca2+

Question 21

in a chemical synapse … synaptic vescicles are dependednt on what ion

Answer 21

ca2+

Question 22

what is release din synaptic cleft in a chemical synapse

Answer 22

neurotransmitters

Question 23

talk to me about the 6 steps of chemical synapse

Answer 23

1. Action potential (change in ionic charge of neuron)
2. Opening of voltage-gated Ca+ channels
3. Neurotransmitters released into synaptic clef (presynaptic)
4. Binding of Neurotransmitters to receptors (postsynaptic)
5. Ions flowing into post-synaptic neuron
6. Removal of neurotransmitters (degradation or re-uptake)

Question 24

name two types of post synaptic neurotransmitter receptors

Answer 24

ionotropic
metabotropic

Question 25

true or false, you can have both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors on a membrane

Answer 25

true

Question 26

what binnds to post synaptic neurotransmitter receptors (general)

Answer 26

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Question 27

which is faster ionotropic receptor or metabo recept

Answer 27

iono

Question 28

when a neurotrabnsmitter binds to a post synaptic receptor what flows into the post synaptic cell

Answer 28

ions

Question 29

what is an ex of ionotropic rectot

Answer 29

ligand gated ion channel

Question 30

what is an ex of metabotropic rectot

Answer 30

g protein coupled receptor

Question 31

walk through 5 steps of g protein coupled recepto

Answer 31

1. neurotransmoitter binds to protein eceptor 2. g protein is activated 3. g protein subunits or intracellular messengers modulate ion channels 4. ion challeds open 5. ions flow in

Question 32

over ______ neurotrabsmitters exist

Answer 32

100

Question 33

what are the two categories of neurotransmitters

Answer 33

small molecule neuropeptides or peptides

Question 34

what are some examples of small molecule neurotarnsmitters

Answer 34

glutamate gaba ach serotonin histamine dopamine norep ep

Question 35

whats an example od peptide neurotransmitter (3-36 amino acids)

Answer 35

opiods

Question 36

What is the main excititory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 36

glutamate

Question 37

true or false glutamate contyributes to 1/2 of teh synapses in the brain

Answer 37

true

Question 38

what is glutamates precursor

Answer 38

glutamine

Question 39

glutamate is degraded by reuptake through what?

Answer 39

glial cells

Question 40

true or false : glutamate only binds to metabotropic receptors

Answer 40

false ionotropic also = both

Question 41

what are some of teh receptors that glutamate binds to (specific ones)

Answer 41

nmda ampa kainate

Question 42

what are some of the roles of glutamate

Answer 42

* Involved in cellular mechanisms of learning and memory * Involved in pain transduction * Excitotoxicity (secondary cell death) * General anesthesia decreases glutamate activity (amongst other effects)

Question 43

what is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 43

GABA

Question 44

true or false 1/2 of the synapses in teh brain are due to gaba

Answer 44

false ... thats glutamate the answer is 1/3

Question 45

what is gaba precursor

Answer 45

glucose

Question 46

like glutamate, gaba is degraded by reuptake through glial cells , true or false

Answer 46

true

Question 47

true or false gaba binds to both metabotropic and ionotropic receptors

Answer 47

true

Question 48

true or false GABA a is metabotropic receptor

Answer 48

false irs Gaba b

Question 49

what kind of receptor ir GABA a

Answer 49

ionotropic

Question 50

what kind of rceeptor is gaba b

Answer 50

metabotropic

Question 51

true or false gaba b is a metabotropic receptor

Answer 51

true trick : **** metaBotropic (gaba B)

Question 52

what are the main roles of gaba

Answer 52

Very common in local circuits interneurons or highly inhibitory system such as cerebellum

Question 53

what are agonists?

Answer 53

somethign taht mimics somehtign else

Question 54

what are examples of GABA agonists

Answer 54

* Benzodiazepines * Barbiturates

Question 55

name a function of benzos

Answer 55

help with anxiety and sleep

Question 56

name a function of barbituates

Answer 56

sedation

Question 57

is ACh excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 57

excititory

Question 58

where is Ach synthesized

Answer 58

in nerve terminals

Question 59

what are ACh precursors

Answer 59

acetyl coenzyme a and choline

Question 60

true or false : ach is degraded by glial cells

Answer 60

false : by acetylcholinerase

Question 61

what does ach bind to

Answer 61

nicotinic receptors muscarinic receptors

Question 62

what are some of teh roles of ach

Answer 62

* Memory, Learning, Attention and Motivation * Regulates cardiac contractions and blood pressure * Volunary movement (neuromusclular junction) * Contracting intestinal muscles and increasing stomach and intestine secretions.

Question 63

what limits the breakdown of ach

Answer 63

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 64

true or false in alzeihermers disease there is an increase in ach

Answer 64

false decrease !

Question 65

serotonin histamine dopine ep and norep are examples of what type of neurotransmitetr

Answer 65

biogenic amines

Question 66

biogenic amines are part of which neurotranbsmitter broad category

Answer 66

small molecule neurotrabsmitter

Question 67

Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are all derived from...

Answer 67

tyrosine

Question 68

histidine is the precursor of ...

Answer 68

histamine

Question 69

serotinin is derived from

Answer 69

tryptophan

Question 70

true or false biogenic amine bind to metabotropic receptors

Answer 70

true

Question 71

dopamine is from which brain area

Answer 71

substansia nigra

Question 72

what role does dopamine play

Answer 72

movement reward and motivation

Question 73

lack of dopamine leads to

Answer 73

parkinsons

Question 74

excess dopamine leads to

Answer 74

hyperactivity, repetitive behaviors, hallucinations (schizophrenia)

Question 75

why is cocaine such an addictivce drugb

Answer 75

it inhibits the reuptake of dopamine

Question 76

norepinephine is from which brain area

Answer 76

locus coerulus in brainstem

Question 77

norep is involved in

Answer 77

nvolved in sleep, attention, feeding behaviors + arousal levels

Question 78

norep has an important role in which system

Answer 78

visceral motor

Question 79

true or false norep is present inganglion cells in the sympathetic system

Answer 79

t

Question 80

if you ahve a low amount of norep what can it cause

Answer 80

adhd and blood pressure issues

Question 81

what is epinephrine also known as

Answer 81

adrenaline

Question 82

where is epinephrine from in teh brain

Answer 82

cell bodies in teh medulla

Question 83

where does epineprhine go

Answer 83

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 84

what is teh role of epinephrine

Answer 84

regulation of respiration and cardiac function Epinephrine

Question 85

true or false epinephrine is used ot open up airways during anaphalactic shock

Answer 85

TRUEEE epipen!

Question 86

where is histamine found

Answer 86

Mainly in hypothalamus projecting to all regions of the brain and spinal cord

Question 87

true or false histamine mediates aattention and arousal

Answer 87

true

Question 88

what doe shistamine mediate

Answer 88

arousal and attention

Question 89

what system is histamine involved in

Answer 89

vestibular system

Question 90

true or false agonists of histamine help with allergies but decrease arousal if tehy g=cross BBB

Answer 90

False , ANTAGONISTS DO THAT

Question 91

how do allergy meds work (in relation to histamine)

Answer 91

allergy meds: works to reduce the amount of histamine present in an allergic reaction

Question 92

where is serotonin in teh brain

Answer 92

* From Raphe nuclei in Pons and brainstem

Question 93

what is the role of serotonin

Answer 93

* Regulates sleep and wakefulness * Implicated in emotions, circadian rhythm, state of arousal, feeling of satiety

Question 94

what three conditions are linked to dysfunction in serotonin system

Answer 94

depression schizophrenia eating disorders

Question 95

true or false ectasy and molly cause euphoric hallucinations due to a crazy amount of serotonin

Answer 95

true

Question 96

what are SSRIS

Answer 96

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 97

what do ssris do

Answer 97

keep serotonin longer in teh brain

Question 98

opiods are an example of

Answer 98

neuropeptides

Question 99

true or false endorphins are natural opiods in the body

Answer 99

true

Question 100

are opiods involved in the perception of light touch

Answer 100

no , pain

Question 101

true or false opiods are only found in one area of the brain

Answer 101

false they are widely distributed

Question 102

whar are some roles of opiods

Answer 102

* Inhibatory * Analgesic * Sexual attraction

Question 103

what kind of receptors do opiods bind to (general)

Answer 103

metabotropic

Question 104

can alcohol dull painful experiences

Answer 104

yes

Question 105

morphine is a drug that helps with what

Answer 105

pain reduction