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HL Bio > 1.1 Intro To Cells > Flashcards

1.1 Intro To Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Striated muscle what idea does it challenge

A

Challenges idea that cells are small and contain one nuclei each
(Multinucleated from fusion; as long as 300mm)

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2
Q

Giant algae (acetabularia)

A

Challenges idea that cells must be small
(Up to 100mm diameter; 1 nucleus)

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3
Q

Aseptate fungal hyphae

A

Challenges that cells form basic units of life
(Long uninterrupted structures with numerous nuclei)

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4
Q

MERIGRAN

A

movement
Excretion
Respiration
Irritability (response to stimuli)
Growth
Reproduction
Adaptability (regulation due to external changes)
Nutrition (obtaining)

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5
Q

Paramecium movement

A

Wave action of cilia on cell membrane allows for movement

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6
Q

Paramecium excretion

A

cell membrane regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell, including the expulsion of metabolic wastes

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7
Q

Paramecium respiration

A

mitochondria present within paramecium to facilitate cellular respiration

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8
Q

Paramecium irritability (response)

A

proteins present on cell membrane help detect when contact is made with food (yeast, bacteria, etc) and cilia sweeps food towards the cell mouth

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9
Q

Paramecium growth

A

Assimilates nutrients from food for growth

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10
Q

Paramecium reproduction

A

Via binary fission

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11
Q

Paramecium adaptability

A

Contractile vacuoles can take in and expel water to maintain osmotic potential within the cell

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12
Q

Paramecium adaptability

A

Contractile vacuoles can take in and expel water to maintain osmotic potential within the cell

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13
Q

Paramecium nutrition

A

ingestion of food at cell mouth via phagocytosis and the formation of food vacuoles

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14
Q

Chlamydomonas movement

A

presence of flagella allows for movement towards light

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15
Q

Chlamydomonas excretion

A

cell membrane regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell, including the expulsion of metabolic wastes

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16
Q

Chlamydomonas respiration

A

mitochondria present within cell to facilitate cellular respiration

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17
Q

Chlamydomonas irritability (response)

A

Contains an eyespot, an organelle reponsible for light detection

18
Q

Chlamydomonas growth

A

assimilates nutrients from photosynthesis and environment for growth

19
Q

Chlamydomonas reproduction

A

via mitosis

20
Q

Chlamydomonas adaptability

A

Contractile vacuoles can take in and expel water to maintain osmotic potential within the cell

21
Q

Chlamydomonas nutrition

A

carries out photosynthesis via chloroplasts

22
Q

Two main constraints to cell size

A

• Large enough to store genetic material, resources (nutrients) and
cellular structures that allows for efficient adaptation to life on earth
• Small enough to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio for rapid exchanges of molecules with the external cellular environment

23
Q

Adaptations for high SAVr (4)

A

• Cell division (increase cell numbers)
• Compartmentalisation due to presence of membrane bound organelles
• Folding of cell membrane (e.g. microvilli and crista in mitochondria)
• Extensions (root hair cell)

24
Q

What is an emergent property?

A

the organism is able to carry out complex functions of life, with these properties arising from the combined effort of multiple specialised cells

25
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans (emergent property) 4

A
  • almost 1/3 are nerve cells for coordination and response
  • muscle calls aid in locomotion by contraction to allow the organism to move via wriggling
  • presence of MandF repro cells
  • distinct move and anus and intestinal cells aid in digestion
26
Q

genes in cell specialisation

A

some genes are expressed and others are not expressed (signals are sent to cells to deactivate and activate certain genes to form specialised cells)

27
Q

stem cell def

A

undifferentiated cells that can replicate and have the ability to differentiate into specialised cell types

28
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into any cell type (incl early embryonic cell types)

29
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into any cell type found in human body (but not early embryonic or extra-embryonic cell types)

30
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

can differentiate to related cell types (Eg. cord blood cells –> rbc, wbc)

31
Q

unipotent stem cells

A

can dev into one specific cell lineage or cell type

32
Q

what is Stargardts disease

A
  • a form of vascular degeneration
  • gradual loss of vision starting from central vision
33
Q

Stargardts disease: genes

A
  • recessive inherited genetic condition, mutant form of ABCA4 –> codes for a ATP dependent transporter protein found in cellular membranes, responsible for transport of harmful byproducts of processes that uses retinol (from vitamin A) to prod visual pigments.
  • poor transport of harmful byproducts –> accumulation in cells –> degenerate of the macula
34
Q

stargardts disease: treatment 3

A
  • involves inducing embryonic stem cells to differentiate into retinal cells
  • these are injected into the retina, they attach and become fully functional
  • vision restored in time
    (treatment still in clinical trials stage)
35
Q

what is leukaemia

A
  • blood cancer of WBCs
  • elevated levels of white blood cells disrupt proper body function
36
Q

leukaemia treatment 4

A
  • involves use of HSC (hematopoetic stem cells)
  • cancerous bone marrow removed via combo of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy
  • HSC harvested and purified from donor bone marrow/cord blood
  • HSC transplanted within diseased bone marrow region –> cells differentiate and repopulate by turning into the necessary blood cells
37
Q

ease of extraction from source: embryonic vs cord blood vs adult stem cells

A
  • adult stem cells are hard to find and isolate
38
Q

ethical considerations of extraction: embryonic vs cord blood vs adult stem cells

A
  • recognition of an embryo as a human with rights –> extraction will result in the death of the embryo (prevention of maturation)
39
Q

potential range of use: embryonic vs cord blood vs adult stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells have the greatest potential for use due to its pluripotency

white cord blood cells/adult stem cells –> multipotent at best

40
Q

arguments FOR use of embryonic stem cells 3

A
  • can cure serious ailments and diseases that cannot be cured otherwise
  • ESC donated by parents for sci use –> would have been lost anyway (abortion/IVF leftovers)
  • cells from embryos do not have nerves –> cannot feel pain / think
41
Q

arguments AGAINST use of embryonic stem cells 5

A
  • involves destruction of human life (what stage is an embryo considered a human being?)
  • potential wastage - excess embryos destroyed
  • religious and moral arguments - man playing god
  • greatly incr chance to cont. division, turn into cancerous cells
  • greater research - alt means can be discovered
42
Q

um to cm

A

um /10k

HL Bio (17 decks)

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