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D3 liver Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the observable consequence of jaundice

A

skin and whites of eyes are tinged yellow

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2
Q

immediate cause of jaundice (short)

A

bile pigment bilirubin

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3
Q

what is the bile pigment that causes jaundice called

A

bilirubin

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4
Q

how is bilirubin formed

A

formed in the liver from the heme grp from break down of haemoglobin

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5
Q

3 possible causes of jaundice

A

blocked bile duct

increased rbc production

damage/disease of liver

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6
Q

why is temporary jaundice observed in newborn babes 3

A
  1. foetal haemoglobin diff from after birth
  2. rapid breakdown of haemoglobin
  3. more bilirubin than can be broken down
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7
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

when damaged liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue

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8
Q

causes of cirrhosis

A

excessive alcohol/drug intake

chronic hep B/C, chronic bile duct blockage, cystic fibrosis

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9
Q

symptoms of cirrhosis

A

weakness, fatigue, jaundice

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10
Q

how is cirrhosis identified and cured

A

id: liver biopsy – scar tissue obserevd

cure: none!

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11
Q

structure of liver (general)

A

triangular organ with 4 lobes

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12
Q

how many lobules is in a liver lobe

A

has around 100k lobules

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13
Q

structure of lobules

A
  1. central venule from hepatic vein
  2. six more venules from hepatic PORTAL vein + six arterioles from hepatic artery
  3. blood vessels connected via sinusoids
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14
Q

what are sinusoids? 2

A
  • blood-filled channels
  • formed from subdivisions of hepatic portal vein
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15
Q

what happens in sinusoids 3

A
  • arterial blood mixes with hepatic portal vein blood
  • blood comes in contact with liver cells = proteins enter/leave
  • sinusoids merge with venules leaving liver = hepatic vein –> carries blood away to vena cava
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16
Q

structure of sinusoids

A

tubes like capillaries but with DISCONTINUOUS ENDOTHELIUM

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17
Q

capillary vs sinusoid structure 5

A

capillary // sinusoid
narrower // wider
very small pores // fenestrated (big ass holes)
continuous basement membrane // discontinuous
cylindrical shape // no definite shape

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18
Q

how sinusoids differ from capillaries

A
  • wider
  • no walls separating blood from liver cells
  • blood and liver cells in direct contact
  • phagocytic cells line sinusoids
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19
Q

where is the bile channel

A
  • between 2 rows of liver cells
  • isolated from blood supply
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20
Q

what does the bile channel do

A
  • bile from liver flows thru these
  • channels merge into ducts – bile carried to gall bladder
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21
Q

what do hepatocytes do?

A

perform most liver functions (Esp storage and metabolism)

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22
Q

size of hepatocytes?

Study These Flashcards
A

LARGE
(25 um)

23
Q

um to cm conversion?

Study These Flashcards
A

10k um = 1 cm

24
Q

how many % of the liver is made of hepatocytes

25
when hepatocytes are exposed to teoxic substances, they can ?
regenerate
26
neurons vs hepatocytes DEATH
neurons dont regenerate while hepatocytes do
27
what are hepatocytes rich in 5
1. mitochondria 2. golgi apparatus 3. RER + ribosomes 4. glycogen granules 5. lipid droplets
28
where are plasma proteins synthesized in hepatocytes 2
RER and golgi complexes
29
what does the smooth ER do in hepatocytes
degradation of toxins
30
how do hepatocytes have a exocrine function
secretion of bile
31
4 examples of plasma proteins synthesized in hepatocytes
globulins, albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen
32
3 process of protein syntehsis in hepatocytes
1. proteins formed on ribosomes -- RER 2. sent to golgi apparatus -- packaged in vesicles 3. vesicles discharged across plasma membrane via exocytosis
33
what happens to excess amino acids
deaminated in the liver
34
process of deamination (very chem) 3
1. organic part of AA removed and respired/conv to fat/carbs 2. amine grp converted to ammonia 3. ammonia + co2 = urea
35
what are Kupffer cells
white blood cells (macrophages) that break down rbcs
36
where does blood get to the liver from
hepatic artery -- brings o2 rich blood hepatic portal vein -- carries most blood to liver -- from stomach and SI (cont nutrients, digested food)
37
where does blood leave the liver
hepatic vein -- carries deo2 blood away
38
why does the liver have a DUAL BLOOD SUPPLY
receives oxygenated blood from hepatic artery AND deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein = mixed = cells never get fully o2 blood
39
the liver _______ nutrient levels
regulates
40
what nutrients does the liver regulate the levels of 3
1. glucose 2. amino acids 3. short chain fatty acids (some nutrients in excess can be stored in liver)
41
what is the normal level of blood glucose in humans + range of variation
90 mg / 100 cm3 70mg -- 150mg
42
how does the liver regulate glucose in the blood
1. in sinusoids: glucose drawn and used in metabolism or stored as glycogen 2. conversion back and forth controlled by insulin and glucagon
43
3 how are fatty acid levels regulated in the liver
1. fatty acids + glycerol combined into triglycerides 2. trigly + proteins (in liver) = stored 3. OR transported in blood plasma (as LDLs -- low density lipoproteins) to tissues -- can be immediately broken down and respired
44
how does the liver carry out detox (short)
liver acts on drugs and toxins in bloodstream, converting them to less harmful forms for excretion by the kidneys
45
3 detoxification but the chem explanation
1. alcohol oxidised to acetaldehyde (alcohol dehydrogenase) 2. acetaldehyde -oxidised-> acetic acid (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase) 3. acetic acid --oxidised--> co2 + h2o
46
what nutrients can the liver store 4
1. iron 2. carbs (glycogen) 3. fats 4. vitamins
47
liver cells break down ______ ____ blood cells
redundant red
48
where are rbcs formed and how long do they function
bone marrow 120 days -- limited time
49
whats the process of the breakdown of rbcs in the liver 6
worn out cells taken up via phagocytosis by macrophage cells - globin (protein) and heme split apart - globin hydrolysed by proteases --> amino acids - heme breakdown = iron 3 ions - iron 3 ions removed and attached to carrier protein - iron stored in liver cells, eventually transported to bone marrow (reuse)
50
where does the breakdown of rbc occur
kupffer cells
51
what else is the heme part of haemoglobin converted to besides iron3
bile pigments (into bile channels)
52
why is HDL cholesterol considered good
it removes LDL from blood by transporting it to liver
53
what is surplus cholesterol converted into
bile salts
54
what does bile do
breaks down/emulsifies fats into fatty acids and glycerol

HL Bio (53 decks)

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