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HL Bio > D3 liver > Flashcards

D3 liver Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the observable consequence of jaundice

A

skin and whites of eyes are tinged yellow

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2
Q

immediate cause of jaundice (short)

A

bile pigment bilirubin

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3
Q

what is the bile pigment that causes jaundice called

A

bilirubin

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4
Q

how is bilirubin formed

A

formed in the liver from the heme grp from break down of haemoglobin

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5
Q

3 possible causes of jaundice

A

blocked bile duct

increased rbc production

damage/disease of liver

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6
Q

why is temporary jaundice observed in newborn babes 3

A
  1. foetal haemoglobin diff from after birth
  2. rapid breakdown of haemoglobin
  3. more bilirubin than can be broken down
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7
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

when damaged liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue

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8
Q

causes of cirrhosis

A

excessive alcohol/drug intake

chronic hep B/C, chronic bile duct blockage, cystic fibrosis

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9
Q

symptoms of cirrhosis

A

weakness, fatigue, jaundice

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10
Q

how is cirrhosis identified and cured

A

id: liver biopsy – scar tissue obserevd

cure: none!

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11
Q

structure of liver (general)

A

triangular organ with 4 lobes

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12
Q

how many lobules is in a liver lobe

A

has around 100k lobules

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13
Q

structure of lobules

A
  1. central venule from hepatic vein
  2. six more venules from hepatic PORTAL vein + six arterioles from hepatic artery
  3. blood vessels connected via sinusoids
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14
Q

what are sinusoids? 2

A
  • blood-filled channels
  • formed from subdivisions of hepatic portal vein
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15
Q

what happens in sinusoids 3

A
  • arterial blood mixes with hepatic portal vein blood
  • blood comes in contact with liver cells = proteins enter/leave
  • sinusoids merge with venules leaving liver = hepatic vein –> carries blood away to vena cava
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16
Q

structure of sinusoids

A

tubes like capillaries but with DISCONTINUOUS ENDOTHELIUM

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17
Q

capillary vs sinusoid structure 5

A

capillary // sinusoid
narrower // wider
very small pores // fenestrated (big ass holes)
continuous basement membrane // discontinuous
cylindrical shape // no definite shape

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18
Q

how sinusoids differ from capillaries

A
  • wider
  • no walls separating blood from liver cells
  • blood and liver cells in direct contact
  • phagocytic cells line sinusoids
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19
Q

where is the bile channel

A
  • between 2 rows of liver cells
  • isolated from blood supply
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20
Q

what does the bile channel do

A
  • bile from liver flows thru these
  • channels merge into ducts – bile carried to gall bladder
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21
Q

what do hepatocytes do?

A

perform most liver functions (Esp storage and metabolism)

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22
Q

size of hepatocytes?

A

LARGE
(25 um)

23
Q

um to cm conversion?

A

10k um = 1 cm

24
Q

how many % of the liver is made of hepatocytes

A

around 80%

25
Q

when hepatocytes are exposed to teoxic substances, they can ?

A

regenerate

26
Q

neurons vs hepatocytes DEATH

A

neurons dont regenerate while hepatocytes do

27
Q

what are hepatocytes rich in 5

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. golgi apparatus
  3. RER + ribosomes
  4. glycogen granules
  5. lipid droplets
28
Q

where are plasma proteins synthesized in hepatocytes 2

A

RER and golgi complexes

29
Q

what does the smooth ER do in hepatocytes

A

degradation of toxins

30
Q

how do hepatocytes have a exocrine function

A

secretion of bile

31
Q

4 examples of plasma proteins synthesized in hepatocytes

A

globulins, albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen

32
Q

3 process of protein syntehsis in hepatocytes

A
  1. proteins formed on ribosomes – RER
  2. sent to golgi apparatus – packaged in vesicles
  3. vesicles discharged across plasma membrane via exocytosis
33
Q

what happens to excess amino acids

A

deaminated in the liver

34
Q

process of deamination (very chem) 3

A
  1. organic part of AA removed and respired/conv to fat/carbs
  2. amine grp converted to ammonia
  3. ammonia + co2 = urea
35
Q

what are Kupffer cells

A

white blood cells (macrophages) that break down rbcs

36
Q

where does blood get to the liver from

A

hepatic artery – brings o2 rich blood

hepatic portal vein – carries most blood to liver – from stomach and SI (cont nutrients, digested food)

37
Q

where does blood leave the liver

A

hepatic vein – carries deo2 blood away

38
Q

why does the liver have a DUAL BLOOD SUPPLY

A

receives oxygenated blood from hepatic artery
AND
deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein

= mixed = cells never get fully o2 blood

39
Q

the liver _______ nutrient levels

A

regulates

40
Q

what nutrients does the liver regulate the levels of 3

A
  1. glucose
  2. amino acids
  3. short chain fatty acids

(some nutrients in excess can be stored in liver)

41
Q

what is the normal level of blood glucose in humans + range of variation

A

90 mg / 100 cm3

70mg – 150mg

42
Q

how does the liver regulate glucose in the blood

A
  1. in sinusoids: glucose drawn and used in metabolism or stored as glycogen
  2. conversion back and forth controlled by insulin and glucagon
43
Q

3 how are fatty acid levels regulated in the liver

A
  1. fatty acids + glycerol combined into triglycerides
  2. trigly + proteins (in liver) = stored
  3. OR transported in blood plasma (as LDLs – low density lipoproteins) to tissues – can be immediately broken down and respired
44
Q

how does the liver carry out detox (short)

A

liver acts on drugs and toxins in bloodstream, converting them to less harmful forms for excretion by the kidneys

45
Q

3 detoxification but the chem explanation

A
  1. alcohol oxidised to acetaldehyde (alcohol dehydrogenase)
  2. acetaldehyde -oxidised-> acetic acid (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase)
  3. acetic acid –oxidised–> co2 + h2o
46
Q

what nutrients can the liver store 4

A
  1. iron
  2. carbs (glycogen)
  3. fats
  4. vitamins
47
Q

liver cells break down ______ ____ blood cells

A

redundant red

48
Q

where are rbcs formed and how long do they function

A

bone marrow

120 days – limited time

49
Q

whats the process of the breakdown of rbcs in the liver 6

A

worn out cells taken up via phagocytosis by macrophage cells
- globin (protein) and heme split apart
- globin hydrolysed by proteases –> amino acids
- heme breakdown = iron 3 ions
- iron 3 ions removed and attached to carrier protein
- iron stored in liver cells, eventually transported to bone marrow (reuse)

50
Q

where does the breakdown of rbc occur

A

kupffer cells

51
Q

what else is the heme part of haemoglobin converted to besides iron3

A

bile pigments (into bile channels)

52
Q

why is HDL cholesterol considered good

A

it removes LDL from blood by transporting it to liver

53
Q

what is surplus cholesterol converted into

A

bile salts

54
Q

what does bile do

A

breaks down/emulsifies fats into fatty acids and glycerol

HL Bio (51 decks)

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