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HL Bio > D5 hormones > Flashcards

D5 hormones Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

recap: what are endocrine glands?

A

ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream for transport to other parts of the body to regulate body functions

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2
Q

recap: hormones are ________ _____________

A

chemical messengers

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3
Q

the body’s 2 major internal communication systems are…

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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4
Q

exocrine glands [have a duct/are ductless]

A

have a duct

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5
Q

which gland doesn’t have a duct

A

endocrine

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6
Q

what are some examples of endocrine gland (know a few)

A

adrenal gland, testes, thyroid, hypothalamus, pancreas

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7
Q

what gland is exocrine and endocrine

A

pancreas

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8
Q

what are some exocrine glands

A

salivary, sweat, mammary glands, pancreas

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9
Q

can hormones exert more than 1 effect on the body? [yes/no] (understanding)

A

yes

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10
Q

the types of hormones are:
1. ???
2. steroids
3. amines

A

peptides

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11
Q

the types of hormones are:
1. peptides
2. steroids
3. ???

A

amines

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12
Q

the types of hormones are:
1. ???
2. ???
3. amines

A

peptides, steroids

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13
Q

what are the types of hormones?

A

steroids, peptides, amines

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14
Q

what are some examples of peptide hormones? (at least 3)

A
  • ADH
  • LH
  • FSH
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • growth hormone
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15
Q

which ones aren’t peptide hormones:
LH, ADH, thyroxin, estrogen, glucagon, cortisol

A

thyroxin (amine), estrogen and cortisol (steroids)

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16
Q

why can’t peptides pass through the cell membrane?

A

they are lipophobic and cell membrane is lipophilic

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17
Q

what are some examples of steroid hormones (at least 3)

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • cortisol
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18
Q

what are some amine hormones? (know 3)

A
  • melatonin
  • serotonin
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
  • thyroxin
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19
Q

steroid hormones are [hydro/lipo]phobic

A

hydrophobic

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20
Q

what hormone is made out of cholesterol?

A

steroid hormones

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21
Q

in what organelle are steroid hormones synthesised?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

how are steroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

by binding to protein carriers

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23
Q

what hormones bind to intracellular receptors?

A

steroid hormones

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24
Q

steroid hormones bind to _________ receptors

A

intracellular

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25
Q

when the steroid hormones binds to receptors inside the cell, it forms a _________________

A

hormone-receptor complex

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26
Q

where are the receptors that steroid hormones bind to in the cell? (general ans)

A

in the cytoplasm or nucleus

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27
Q

the regulation of gene expression is brought about by the binding of _________ to DNA

A

hormone-receptor complex

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28
Q

what type of hormone directly regulates gene expression?

A

steroid hormones

29
Q

what is the function of steroid hormones?

A

regulate gene expression

30
Q

steroid hormones also serve as… (role)

A

transcription factors

31
Q

how are peptide hormones stored in cell?

A

in vesicles

32
Q

how are peptide hormones transported in blood

A

they dissolve and thus are transported

33
Q

why are extracellular receptors necessary for peptide hormones?

A

they are lipophobic and cannot enter cells directly

34
Q

which type of hormones initiate a signal transduction system?

A

peptide hormones

35
Q

what initiates signal transduction?

A

when the peptide hormone binds to receptor

36
Q

what is signal transduction? (defin.)

A

the process by which a cell converts an external signal into an internal response

37
Q

what is the function of 2nd messengers?

A
  • signal transduction
  • amplify + relay signals from receptor to target molecules inside cell
38
Q

2nd messengers are activated by…

A

the binding of peptide hormone to receptor

39
Q

2nd messengers trigger a _________ ________

A

signal cascade

40
Q

what molecules trigger a signal cascade in a cell?

A

2nd messengers

41
Q

what are some examples of 2nd messengers? (know briefly)

A
  1. cyclic AMP/cAMP
  2. Ca2+ (recall sexual repro)
  3. NO
  4. protein kinases (recall cell cycle)
42
Q

what is the effect of peptide hormones on the cell?

A
  • modifies cell activities e.g.
    • metabolism
    • gene expression
43
Q

peptide hormones causes a _____ response while steroid hormones cause a ______ response (speed)

A

fast, slow

44
Q

what are the two parts comprising of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior pituitary lobe and posterior pituitary lobe

45
Q

the secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is controlled by…

A

the hypothalamus

46
Q

the hypothalamus controls…

A

pituitary secretions

47
Q

what type of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

releasing hormones

48
Q

which part of the hypothalamus secretes hormones?

A

neurosecretory neurons

49
Q

neurosecretory neurons secrete…

A

hormones

50
Q

how are the releasing hormones transported to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

by the portal vein

51
Q

where are releasing hormones transported to?

A

ONLY the anterior pituitary gland

52
Q

________ are transported to the posterior pituitary

A

hormones

53
Q

does the posterior pituitary release or produce hormones?

A

release

54
Q

what is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus

55
Q

what is the function of the anterior pituitary?

A

produce and secrete hormones

56
Q

what’s an example of a releasing factor + it’s effect (refer to core)

A

release of GnSH by hypothalamus stimulates release of FSH and LH by anterior pituitary gland

57
Q

what is lactation (defin.)

A

production and secretion of milk by maternal mammary glands

58
Q

what are the hormones that control lactation?

A

oxytocin and prolactin

59
Q

match the hormones prolactin and oxytocin to function:
1) production of milk
2) release of milk

A

1) prolactin
2) oxytocin

60
Q

what is the function of prolactin?

A
  • develops mammary glands
  • produces milk
61
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A

releases milk stored in mammary glands

62
Q

prolactin is secreted by ____________ while oxytocin is secreted by ___________

A

anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus

63
Q

recall: what inhibits prolactin?

A

progesterone

64
Q

what stimulates the release of oxytocin? (with regards to milk production)

A

suckling by the baby

65
Q

what are the effects of oxytocin on the breast?

A

causes milk to be released

66
Q

what hormone stimulates the synthesis of proteins?

A

growth hormone

67
Q

why is growth hormone used by athletes?

A

it increases muscle mass and bone size

68
Q

how is growth hormone detected in athletes?

A

in blood tests

HL Bio (52 decks)

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