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HL Bio > 2.9 + 8.3 photosynthesis > Flashcards

2.9 + 8.3 photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

why is photosynthesis important in food chains?

A

photosynthesis produces chemical energy which serves as the primary energy source for many living organisms

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2
Q

what component of the chloroplast absorbs light energy?

A

photosynthetic pigments

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3
Q

what is the role of photosynthetic pigments?

A

to absorb light energy

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4
Q

is UV light used in photosynthesis?

A

no!

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5
Q

what kind of light is used in photosynthesis?

A

visible light

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6
Q

draw the action spectra for photosynthesis

A

-

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7
Q

draw the absorption spectra for chlorophyll

A

-

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8
Q

what method can be used to separate photosynthetic pigments?

A

chromatography

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9
Q

what are the two types of chromatography

A

paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography

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10
Q

which chromatography gives better results?

A

thin layer chromatography

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11
Q

what colour of light do leaves absorb best?

A

violet

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12
Q

what colour of light do leaves not absorb well?

A

green

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13
Q

how can water with no dissolved carbon dioxide be obtained (for use in photosynthetic experiments)

A

boiling + cooling water

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14
Q

why is light needed in photosynthesis?

A

to split water molecules

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15
Q

the splitting of water molecules is called…

A

photolysis

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16
Q

what are products of photolysis?

A

it produces electrons, protons and oxygen

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17
Q

what process produces oxygen?

A

photolysis

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18
Q

how can we measure photosynthetic rate? (know briefly) (4)

A
  1. measure the O2 produced
  2. or CO2 taken in
  3. increases in biomass
  4. changes in pH
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19
Q

how can we measure the production of O2?

A
  • count no. of bubbles
  • use oxygen probe connected to data logger
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20
Q

how can CO2 concentration be measured?

A

using a CO2 probe

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21
Q

what factors affect photosynthesis (3)

A
  1. temp
  2. CO2 conc
  3. light intensity
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22
Q

what are limiting factors?

A

a factor that directly affects the rate of a process if its quantity is changed

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23
Q

what happens to the plant at high light intensity?

A

the chlorophyll in da plant might be BLEACHED

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24
Q

why does temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

the enzymes used in photosynthesis are temperature sensitive!

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25
where does the light dependent reaction occur?
thylakoid membrane
26
what cycles are there in photosynthesis?
cyclic photophosphorylation and calvin cycle
27
what process(es) specific to photosynthesis produces ATP?
photophosphorylation
28
the 'equivalent' of photophosphorylation in photosynthesis is __________ phosphorylation in respiration...
oxidative
29
what is the waste product in photosynthesis?
oxygen
30
where are chlorophyll molecules located?
in photosystems
31
in other words, what are photosystems?
light harvesting complexes
32
which photosystem is the electron first excited?
photosystem II
33
what causes a photosystem to release an electron?
photoactivation of chlorophyll a by light
34
at which photosystem does photolysis occur?
II
35
why is photolysis important in maintaining the ETC?
it provides replacement electrons in the chlorophyll a of PSII to continue the ETC
36
how is ATP formed? (one word process)
chemiosmosis
37
in photosynthetic chemiosmosis, protons are pumped from the _______ to the _____________ across the ___________________
stroma to the thylakoid space across the thylakoid membrane
38
where does the energy for pumping protons come from?
energy released by electrons travelling down ETC
39
why is the production of H+ from photolysis important?
production of H+ generates a proton gradient which is used to make ATP
40
ATP is produced by the ________ of H+ ions through __________
movement, ATP synthase
41
who is the final electron acceptor?
NADP+
42
what does ATP produced from the light dependent reaction provide?
energy
43
what does NADPH produced from the light dependent reaction provide?
H+ and e-
44
the steps of the calvin cycle: 1. carbon fixation 2. ??? 3. regeneration of RuBP
reduction
45
the steps of the calvin cycle: 1. ??? 2. ??? 3. regeneration of RuBP
carbon fixation, reduction
46
what are the steps of the calvin cycle?
1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP
47
carbon dioxide is fixed into... (full name)
ribulouse biphosphate; RuBP
48
what enzyme fixes CO2 into RuBP?
rubisco
49
RuBP is a ___ (no.) carbon molecule
5
50
what is the intermediate of fixing RuBP to CO2?
6C intermediate
51
why is G3P produced as the final product?
6C intermediate is unstable and breaks down into G3P
52
the 6C intermediate breaks down into...
2 glycerate-3-phosphate; G3P
53
what is the role of NADPH in the calvin cycle
it reduces G3P
54
____ (no.) NADPH is used in reducing 1 G3P
1
55
_____ (no.) ATP is used to phosphorylate 1 G3P
2
56
what is the function of ATP in the calvin cycle?
- it provides energy for the phosphorylation of G3P to form triose phosphate - it provides energy for the regeneration of RuBP
57
how is RuBP regenerated?
some triose phosphates combine using ATP
58
glucose is produced by triose phosphates _______ the cycle
exiting
59
2 triose phosphates combine to form
1 glucose molecule
60
how many times does the calvin cycle occur to produce glucose?
6 times
61
1 calvin cycle produces ___ NADP ____ ADP ____ triose phosphate
2, 2, 2
62
how many triose phosphates are used to form glucose?
2
63
how many triose phosphates are used to regenerate RuBP?
10
64
what did calvin's lollipop experiment discover about carbon fixation?
it discovered that G3P was the first product of carbon fixation
65
how was calvin able to track carbon fixation in his experiment?
using radioactive 14C carbon
66
heated alcohol was used in the experiment to...
kill the algae and stop photosynthesis
67
the algae was killed at _____-second- _________
one-second-intervals
68
what were the methods used to in order to analyse the products from photosynthesis in Calvin's experiment?
- 2D chromatography - autoradiography
69
the film could be _________ to identify the molecules produced and determine the sequence that they were produced
compared
70
the comparison of the film allowed Calvin to...
identify the molecules produced and the sequence in which they were produced
71
when does cyclic phosphorylation occur?
in the absence/lack of NADP+
72
in cyclic phosphorylation, the electron is ________ back to the _______ ETC
recycled, 1st
73
what is the function of the chloroplast envelope?
separates chloroplast from the rest of the cell
74
what is the function of the stroma?
it contains enzymes and metabolic products for the calvin cycle
75
which part of the chloroplast arranges the photosystems and ETCs in a specific order?
thylakoid membrane
76
what allows the chloroplast to harvest different wavelengths of light?
it has different photosynthetic pigments
77
what is the structural adaptation of the thylakoid membrane?
- highly folded, with many thylakoids and grana - incr SAVR for more placement of photosynthetic pigments and proteins eg. ETC and ATP for light dependent rxns
78
what adaptation of the thylakoid membrane enables it to have a high SAVR?
- highly folded - has many thylakoids and grana
79
the thylakoid spaces are _______ (size) so that...
- small - to facilitate the accumulation of H+ to generate a proton motive force for ATP synthesis
80
what is a structural adaptation of the thylakoid space?
- narrow - facilitate accumulation of H+ to generate a proton motive force for ATP synthesis
81
the thylakoid membrane is impermeable and thus provides...
- compartmentalisation of light-dep and light-indep rxns - provides optimum conditions for each
82
how does the structure of the grana enhance photosynthesis?
- stacking of grana optimises light absorption - and ensures that ATP and NADPH produced are readily available
83
chloroplasts have ___ ribosomes
70s
84
what is the function of 70s ribosomes in chloroplasts
synthesise proteins
85
what parts of the chloroplast are involved in protein synthesis?
DNA and 70s ribosomes
86
label a electron micrograph of a chloroplast
-
87
annotate a diagram of a chloroplast
-

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