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Medicine 1 COPY > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protection from External Damage - UV, Chemical, Thermal, Mechanical and resistance to sheer stress; thick skin
Barrier - Waterproof and bacterial protection
Sensation - Touch, pressure, nociception, temperature
Metabolic - Synthesis of vit D3, subcutaneous fat is major energy store
Thermoregulation - Insulation, heat loss by sweat evaporation, vasodilation

**Don’t memorise

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2
Q

3 Layers of Fat

A

Epidermis (Epithelium)
Dermis (Connective Tissue)
Hypodermis/subcutis (Fascia)

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3
Q

What type of collagen is in the Dermis

A

Collagen I

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4
Q

Where does epidermis get its nutrients from

A

Capillaries (Probably)

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5
Q

Type of epithelium of skin

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
but specialised so referred to as keratinised which gives them matt texture::

Cells referred to as keratinocytes

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6
Q

Type of connective tissue of dermis

A

Dense irregular connective

**Fibroblasts, collagen I, Elastin
Blood, nerves & receptors
Divided into papillary & reticular dermis

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7
Q

Compare papillary and reticular dermis

A

Papillary has more capillaries and nerve receptors; is part at top of skin just below epidermis
LOOK THIS BACK UP

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8
Q

Keratinocyte layers in epidermis

A

Deep to Superficial:

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

**Bisexuals Suck Girthy Large Cocks

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9
Q

Role of Stratum Basale

A

Divide to produce cells above

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10
Q

Role of Stratum Spinosum

A

Look spiky because they have a lot of cell junctions (holding skin together)

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11
Q

Role of Stratum Granulosum

A

Granulated, producing a lot of keratin

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12
Q

Role of Stratum Lucidum

A

Few organelles besides nuclei leaving them quite pale

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13
Q

Role of Stratum Corneum

A

Layer of dead cells at top of skin that are kinda empty and have no organelles or anything

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14
Q

Describe Barriers/Junctions of epidermis

A

Tight Junctions to Prevent Paracellular Diffusion

Desmosomes/Hemidesmosomes for mechanical and sheer roles

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15
Q

Cancers of Keratinocytes

A

Basal cell carcinomas (80% of cancers due to high division)

Squamous cell carcinoma (20% of cancers from upper epidermal layers)

Both curable and linked to cumulative sun exposure
Common on head, neck and hands

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16
Q

Skin cell types

A

Keratinocytes (B)
Melanocytes (C)
Langerhans Cells (D)
Merkel Cells (A)

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17
Q

Keratinocytes

A

95% of Epidermal Cells, stratified squamous keratinising epithelial cells

**B

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A

Pigment synthesising cells responsible for skin & hair colour

1/6 of basal cell

**C

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19
Q

Melanosomes

A

Granules of pigments produced in cytoplasm of melanocytes

They are passed to keratinocytes and scatter UV light

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20
Q

Describe the distribution of melanocytes within people of different skin colour

A

The amount is actually about the same, what varies is their activity

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21
Q

Embryonal Derivation of Melanocytes and the consequences of this

A

Derived from the neural crest; this makes melanomas very aggressive

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22
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Epidermal Cell Type - Dendritic APC; migrates to regional lymph nodes and communicates with immune system

**D

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23
Q

Where in the skin do Langerhans Cells exist

A

All epidermal layers and upper dermis-prominent in spinosum

**D

24
Q

Merkel Cell

A

Clear cells connected to keratinocytes and afferent nerves - neuroendocrine function

**A

25
Q

Where do Merkel Cells Sit

A

In Stratum Basale - Plentiful in touch areas

**A

26
Q

Cause of Freckles

A

Hyperactive melanocytes in a defined area

27
Q

Vitiligo

A

Macules of De-Pigmented skin enlarging over time

28
Q

Albinism

A

Lack of melanin due to lack of tyrosinase which is required to make melanin

**Don’t memorise specifically

29
Q

Types of Physical Stress

A
30
Q

Macule vs Papule

A

Macule - A small patch of skin that is altered in colour

Papule - A larger and more aggressive patch

31
Q

What is a Nevus

A

Mole - Cluster of melanocytes - usually benign

32
Q

What kind of exposure to UV most commonly causes malignant melanomas

A

Areas exposed intermittently - e.g. back and legs on holiday

Risk not as much with those frequently exposed for some reason (probably body getting used to it)

33
Q

Melanoma ABCD

A

A - Asymmetry
B - Borders (Irregular)
C - Colour (Difference in colour)
D - Diameter (Size)

**The more from this list is crossed off, the more likely a mole is to be a melanoma

34
Q

Where is skin epidermal basement membrane and what is it made of

A

Between dermis and epidermis
Composed of Type IV collagen, GIycoproteins, GAGs

**Hemidesmosomes adhere epidermis to dermis

35
Q

Functions of Skin basement membrane

A

Adhesion
Barrier (permeability/tumour protection)
Organisation of cells (controlling growth and differentiation)

36
Q

Epidermolysis Bullosa

A

Genetic defect of skin that enables separation of epidermis and dermis causing blistering very easily

There are 3 different types, each having separations occurring at different places; focus on junctional EB where there are defective hemidesmosomes

37
Q

Describe Dermis Structure

A

70% Collagen

Papillary dermis is highly vascularised and is the very top part - invaginated
Reticular is the majority and has more horizontal collagen and elastin fibres

Contains hair and gland structures

38
Q

Regional Variation in Skin (Across body)

A

Thin Skin
Thick Skin
Hairy Skin

39
Q

Thin Skin - Locations, Epidermal Thickness & Definition, Keratin Layer Thickness, Type/Frequency of Sweat Gland, Presence of Hair

A 
Most regions
The epidermis is thinner and less well defined
Thinner keratin
Lots of eccrine gland so sweat
There might be hair?
40
Q

Thick Skin - Locations, Epidermal Thickness & Definition, Keratin Layer Thickness, Type of Sweat Gland, Presence of Hair

A 
Fingertips and Soles of Feet
Thick Epidermis and Well Defined
Thick Keratin Layer
Lots of Eccrine Glands
No Hair
41
Q

Hairy Skin - Locations, Epidermal Thickness, Type of Sweat Gland and Follicle/Gland Distribution

A

Scalp, Axilla & Groin
Thin Epidermis
Lots of Apocrine Glands, especially in Axilla and Groin
Many Hair Follicles and Sebaceous Glands

42
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Small lipd-producing (sebum) gland present in the skin of mammal; protects hair and scent has pheromonal role I think

43
Q

Apocrine vs Eccrine glands

A

Both are sweat glands located in dermis & subcutis

Eccrine: dermal-subcut junction of all skin, ducts open onto skin surface for thermoregulation

Apocrine: Localised scent production, open into hair follicles above sebaceous duct, (functional at puberty)

44
Q

How is heat purposely lost through the skin

A

Vasodilatation causing heat los through radiation/conduction

**Vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss

45
Q

Hair follicles

A

Downgrowths/Invagination from the epidermis

Produce hair shafts for thermoregulation and display

Erector pili muscle

46
Q

Erector Pili Muscles

A

Smooth Muscle that make the hair stand straight in the cold - no conscious control

47
Q

What are hair shafts made of

A

Keratin

48
Q

Role of Efferent Innervation of the Skin

A

Affect vessel diameter and blood flow

Provides info to sweat glands and Erector Pili muscles

49
Q

Role of Afferent Innervation of the Skin

A

Afferent nerve endings: Pacinian corpuscle (in subcutis); detect deep pressure & vibration
Missners corpuscule made of papillary dermis; rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors (detect light touch/pressure)
Ruffini corpuscule; mechanoreceptors responsible for skin stretching
Free nerve endings (pain, itch, temp) in papillary dermis
SOMETHING ABOUT MERKEL CELLS

50
Q

Pacinian Corpuscule

A

Modified Schwann Cell Structures in Afferent Skin Nerve Endings

Lay in subcutis - responsible for deep pressure & vibration detection

**Deep blows like punches

51
Q

Meissners Corpuscule

A

Structure in Afferent Skin Nerve Endings

Seen in Papillary Dermis - Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors for light touch/pressure sensation

52
Q

Ruffini Corpuscule

A

Structure in Afferent Skin Nerve Endings

Mechanoreceptors for skin stretch

53
Q

Free Nerve Endings in the Skin

A

Structure in Afferent Skin Nerve Endings

Seen in Papillary Dermis - Slowly adapting and can associate with Merkel Cells

**used in accumulating pressure like touching heat for long time

54
Q

Impetigo

A

Strep/Staph Bacterial Infection of the Skin

55
Q

Cellulitis

A

Strep/Staph Bacterial Infection of the Skin

56
Q

Boil

A

Infection of a hair follicle

57
Q

Acne

A

Infecte d Follicle blocked with keratin plug

Medicine 1 COPY (88 decks)

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