12

Question 1

Normal sodium lab levels

Answer 1

135-145

Question 2

Normal potassium lab levels

Answer 2

3.5 - 5 (there are 3-5 bananas in a bunch)

Question 3

Normal phosphorus lab levels

Answer 3

3 - 4.5

Question 4

Calcium normal lab levels

Answer 4

9 - 11

Question 5

How many mg of calcium does a pregnant teenager need?

Answer 5

1300

Question 6

How many mg of calcium does an adult need?

Answer 6

1000-1200

Question 7

Normal BUN levels

Answer 7

10-20 mg/dL (a hamburger BUN is between $10 - $20

Question 8

Normal Cr levels

Answer 8

0.6 - 1.4 mg/dl (creatiNINE, 0.9 is right in the middle of 0.6 and 1.4)

(Carly is 0.6 yo and her older brother Robert has 14 yo)

Question 9

BUN:Cr ratio

Answer 9

between 10:1 and 15:1

Because Carly and Robert are eating the BUN, the price will decrease to $10 - $15

Question 10

Normal Glucose levels

Answer 10

70 - 100 mg/dl

Our energy starts to decline during our elderly years, especially when we are 70-100 years old

Question 11

Normal albumin levels

Answer 11

3.5 - 5 (same as potassium)

Question 12

Normal AST levels

Answer 12

9 - 40 U/L (aSt -> School, average school day is 9-4)

Question 13

Normal ALT levels

Answer 13

7 - 60 U/L (aLt -> Labor, average work day is 7-6)

Question 14

What is an alternative hypothesis?

Answer 14

it’s when there is a significance in the hypothesis

what you might believe to be true or hope to prove true

Question 15

What is an independent variable?

Answer 15

it’s something you can change or manipulate (example: how well you prepare for the exam)

TREATMENT

Question 16

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 16

a dependent variable depends on the independent (the RD test score depends on how much you study for the exam)

RESPONSE / OUTCOME VARIABLE

Question 17

What are the 4 types of variables?

Answer 17

numerical continuous, numerical discrete, rank order/ordinal scale, nominal/non-ordered scale

Question 18

What is a numerical continuous?

Answer 18

used for underlying continuous scale

example: blood pressure, weight, age, lab values

Question 19

What is numeral discrete?

Answer 19

described only in whole numbers

data with numbers, but they don’t continue

example: 1 initial session

Question 20

What is the rank order/ordinal scale?

Answer 20

variables with different stages

example: stage of dz, ranking pain from 1-10

Question 21

What is a nominal/non-ordered scale?

Answer 21

variables that fit into a category without a special order, such as gender, marital status

used as labels for identification

Question 22

In order for the P-value to be significant the value should be ___

Answer 22

less than or equal to 0.05

Question 23

What are the values for the standard deviation?

Answer 23

68%, 95%, 99.7%

Question 24

What does qualitative research mean?

Answer 24

quaLitative (Letters) -> descriptive/basic research

Formulate a hypothesis, small sample size, explore an idea

Question 25

What does quantitative research mean?

Answer 25

quaNtitative (numbers) -> analytical/applied research actually testing the hypothesis large sample size statistical analysis

Question 26

What is epidemiological research?

Answer 26

it's the research that is used to focus on health care planning because is looking at dz patters

Question 27

Interviews, focus groups (delphi), surveys, questionnaires are examples of which method of descriptive research?

Answer 27

qualitative

Question 28

Which method of descriptive research determines the degree to which a relationship exists between two or more variables?

Answer 28

correlational/exploratory/ecological

Question 29

This research design investigates possible cause and effect relationships by exposing one or more groups to one or more treatment conditions and compare the results (uses control group) Example: randomized clinical/control trial/Parallel design

Answer 29

Experimental Design

Question 30

In this research design, each experimental group received different treatment during the study. The subjects cross over to the other treatment during the study, therefore both serve as their own control group and decrease variance

Answer 30

Cross-over design

Question 31

This research design is a time series study used to see the causal impact of an investigation before and after an event without randomization (no control group) example: pre and post-intervention, plate waste before and after the SNLP regulations changed

Answer 31

Quasi-experimental/observational

Question 32

This research design compares two existing groups who had a different outcome (those with a dz to those without the dz) Appropriate for investigating an outbreak or rare dz

Answer 32

Case-Control (Compares) example: E. Coli outbreak - compare children who did not contract E. Coli but ate at the same restaurant as children who contracted E. Coli

Question 33

This research consists of a combination of small studies with similar peer review studies and designs Most have inclusion and exclusion

Answer 33

Meta-analysis

Question 34

What is a cohort study?

Answer 34

Incidence Longitudinal study where you track participants over A PERIOD OF TIME They are participants with common characteristics and you want to see if they develop a dz

Question 35

What is a Cross-sectional study?

Answer 35

Prevalence Snapshot of a particular group of people at a given point in time

Question 36

The degree of consistency in which a test measures what is supposed to measure Extent to which a measurement is consistent and free of error

Answer 36

Reliability