12/6/16 German Genetics TEST FINAL

Question 1

What is on the ends of a chromosome?

Answer 1

-Telomere

Question 2

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 2

-23 pairs or 46

Question 3

How many chromosomes in humans are autosomes?

Answer 3

-22 pairs or 44

Question 4

What is a LINE?

Answer 4

-Long interspersed nuclear elements

Question 5

What is a SINE?

Answer 5

-Short interspersed nuclear element

Question 6

T/F

LINES and SINES are thought to inhibit/inactivate genes

Answer 6

True

Question 7

How much of the genome are actually protein coding regions (genes)?

Answer 7

1.5%

Question 8

How does Eukaryotic DNA exist?

Answer 8

-Long linear strand

Question 9

When DNA is wrapped around histones what does it form?

Answer 9

-Nucleosomes

Question 10

When DNA is in nucleosome form what is it called?

Answer 10

-Chromatin

Question 11

What are the three steps of interphase?

Answer 11

• G1
• S
• G2

Question 12

Where are checkpoints in interphase?

Answer 12

• End of G1 phase

- End of G2 phase

Question 13

Where does DNA replication Initiate?

Answer 13

-At multiple replication origins

Question 14

T/F

Both strands of DNA function as template strands in DNA replication

Answer 14

true

Question 15

T/F

DNA Replication is conservative

Answer 15

False

-DNA replication is semi-conservative

Question 16

Where does DNA synthesis occur?

Answer 16

-Replication fork in a 5’ to 3’ direction

Question 17

What polymerizes new DNA strands?

Answer 17

-DNA polymerase

Question 18

On the non-leading strand in DNA replication what pieces are formed?

Answer 18

-Okasaki fragments

Question 19

What places nicks in the DNA to relax coils in DNA replication?

Answer 19

-Topoisomerase

Question 20

What creates RNA primers on the lagging strand in DNA replication?

Answer 20

-DNA primase

Question 21

What Unwinds the DNA during DNA replication?

Answer 21

-DNA Helicase

Question 22

What connects/ closes the gaps of the Okasaki fragments?

Answer 22

-DNA ligase

Question 23

What does DNA Pol A do?

Answer 23

-RNA and or DNA primers

Question 24

What does DNA pol B do?

Answer 24

-Base excision repair

Question 25

What does DNA pol Gamma do?

Answer 25

-Mitochondrial DNA replication and repair

Question 26

What does DNA pol D do?

Answer 26

-Lagging strand synthesis and DNA repair

Question 27

What does DNA pol E do?

Answer 27

-Leading-strand synthesis

Question 28

What are four common DNA damages?

Answer 28

- Mismatch - Deamination - Depurination - Double strand break

Question 29

What are three ways that DNA repairs itself?

Answer 29

- The DNA polymerase catches the mistake - Base excision repair - Nucleotide excision repair

Question 30

Proofreading is done by what?

Answer 30

-DNA polymerase

Question 31

What removes a single base?

Answer 31

-Base excision

Question 32

What removes an entire section for repair?

Answer 32

-Nucleotide excision repair

Question 33

What part of mitosis do the replicated chromosomes, each consisting of two closely associated sister chromatids condense?

Answer 33

-Prophase

Question 34

What part of mitosis starts abruptly with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 34

-Prometaphase

Question 35

What part of mitosis do the chromosomes alight at the equator of the spindle and the kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle?

Answer 35

-Metaphase

Question 36

What part of mitosis are the sister chromatids synchronously separated to form two daughter chromosomes and are pulled slowly toward the spindle pole?

Answer 36

-Anaphase

Question 37

What part of mitosis are the two sets of daughter chromosomes arriving at the poles of the spindle and decondense with a new nuclear envelop reassembling around each set?

Answer 37

-Telophase

Question 38

What part of mitosis does the cytoplasm divide in two via a contractile ring of acting and myosin filaments?

Answer 38

-Cytokinesis

Question 39

When does genetic recombination occur within meiosis?

Answer 39

-Meiosis I as bivalents

Question 40

Where do tetrads form?

Answer 40

-Metaphase I

Question 41

What are two ways that chromosome assortment increase genetic diversity?

Answer 41

- Independent assortment | - Recombination

Question 42

What is recombination directed by?

Answer 42

-Recombinases

Question 43

What are two ways that recombination occur?

Answer 43

- Holladay Junctions | - DNA double-strand break with recombinase DNA merging

Question 44

What creates site specific recombination?

Answer 44

-Transposable elements

Question 45

What are three classes of Transposable elements?

Answer 45

- DNA only - Retro-viral like - Non retroviral

Question 46

T/F | Transposable elements can move around in the DNA

Answer 46

-True

Question 47

What are three ways of Transposon insertion?

Answer 47

- Cut and paste - Viral insertion - Replication

Question 48

When you have a whole strand of double stranded DNA remove and be placed completely different what type of transposable element do you have?

Answer 48

-DNA-only transposon

Question 49

If you have an RNA intermediate placed in DNA what type of transposon do you have?

Answer 49

-Retrotransposon

Question 50

T/F | Transposons can jump from chromosome to chromosome in cut and paste transposon insertion

Answer 50

True

Question 51

If you have replication and duplication within the same chromosome what type of transposon insertion do you have?

Answer 51

-Replication