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Biochem Human Form and Function > Female physiology Smith 11/1/16 TEST #3 > Flashcards

Female physiology Smith 11/1/16 TEST #3 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What is the key hormone released from the HPO loop from the hypothalamus?

A

-Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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2
Q

What is the key trophic hormone released from the anterior pituitary during the HPO loop?

A
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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3
Q

What are the key target hormones released from the ovary in the HPO loop?

A
  • Estrogens
  • Progesterone
  • Inhibins
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4
Q

What type of cells provide androgens which stimulate the granulosa cells and produce the circulating estrogens?

A

-Thecal cells

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5
Q

The estrogens released from the thecal cells feedback inhibit what hormones?

A
  • GnRH
  • LH
  • FSH
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6
Q

What do inhibins do?

A

-Inhibit FSH secretion

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7
Q

Where are inhibins released from?

A

-granulosa cells

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8
Q

What stimulates the thecal cells?

A

LH

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9
Q

What stimulates the granulosa cells?

A
  • LH

- FSH

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10
Q

What are the three types of estrogens?

A
  • Estradiol (E2)
  • Estrone (E1)
  • Estriol (E3)
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11
Q

What estrogen hormone is the predominant estrogen during reproductive years?

A

-Estradiol (E2)

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12
Q

What estrogen hormone is predominant in menopause?

A

-Estrone (E1)

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13
Q

What estrogen hormone is predominant in pregnancy?

A

-Estriol (E3)

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14
Q

What are physiological functions of estrogen?

A
  • Sexual maturation
  • Increase CNS excitability
  • Stimulate uterine growth
  • Reduce rate of bone -readsorption
  • Increase HDL
  • Decrease LDL
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15
Q

When is the most fertile time during the menstrual cycle?

A

9-15 days

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16
Q

At what point is Estrogen at a low point?

A

Menses

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17
Q

What hormones does low estrogen during menses cause the pituitary to secrete?

A
  • FSH

- LH

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18
Q

What do FSH and LH do?

A

-Stimulate growth of several preovulatory ovarian follices

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19
Q

Prior to ovulation what acts predominantly on the theca cells?

A

LH

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20
Q

Estradiol (E2) increases, inhibits what hormone release?

A
  • FSH

- LH

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21
Q

What does the inhibited release of FSH and LH do to follicles?

A

-Starve some of the follicles allowing one dominant secondary follicle to survive

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22
Q

What causes the FSH and LH to accumulate in the anterior pituitary?

A

-Prolonged high levels of estrogen

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23
Q

What causes the LH surge?

A

E2 (Estradiol) reach a tipping point

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24
Q

What does the tipping point of E2 levels do to the hypothalamus?

A

-Stimulate the release of more GnRH that tell the Anterior pituitary to release stored LH

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25
What does the LH surge cause?
-Ovulation
26
What are remaining ovarian cells called?
-Corpus luteum
27
What does the corpus luteum produce?
-High amounts of progesterone
28
T/F The elevated progestrone and estrogen level of the luteal phase will inhibit the pituitary release of LH and FSH that usually helps a second ovulation event occur
False | it prevents a second ovulation event
29
If an egg is not fertilized or doesn't successfully implant, why do the circulating levels of hormones decline?
-Corpus luteum degenerates
30
What does the corpus luteum degenerate to?
-Corpus albicans
31
What are menses?
Bleedin
32
Prior to ovulation what hormone dominates?
-Estrogen
33
After ovulation what hormone dominates?
-Progesterone
34
What allows the delivery of large amounts of circulating steroid precursors (such as cholesterol) and abundant progesterone in ovulation?
Enhanced blood supply to corpus luteum
35
Where are progestins synthesized?
- Ovary - Testes - Adrenal cortex
36
What serves as a precursor to synthesis of all estrogens, androgens and adrenocortical steroids?
-Progesterone
37
What is a progestational effect of progesterone?
- Prepare uterus for implantation | - Secretory mechanism of the breast
38
What does progesterone to do fat deposition?
Increases it
39
What does progesterone do to the CNS?
-Decreases CNS excitability
40
What does progesterone do to body temperature?
-Increase body temperature
41
What does progesterone do to pCO2 levels in pregnancy?
Decrease them
42
When you have an adequate amount of this hormone the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen and a rhythmic pulsatile release of GnRH begins leading to puberty?
Leptin
43
What allows the delivery of large amounts of circulating steroid precursors (such as cholesterol) and abundant progesterone in ovulation?
Enhanced blood supply to corpus luteum
44
Where are progestins synthesized?
- Ovary - Testes - Adrenal cortex
45
What serves as a precursor to synthesis of all estrogens, androgens and adrenocortical steroids?
-Progesterone
46
What forms E1 in postmenopausal women?
-from testosterone by aromatase enzyme
47
What does progesterone to do fat deposition?
Increases it
48
What does progesterone do to the CNS?
-Decreases CNS excitability
49
What does progesterone do to body temperature?
-Increase body temperature
50
What does progesterone do to pCO2 levels in pregnancy?
Decrease them
51
When you have an adequate amount of this hormone the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen and a rhythmic pulsatile release of GnRH begins leading to puberty?
Leptin
52
T/F | Ovulation occurs with the first menarche
False | 2-4 yrs later
53
What type of menopause is caused by loss of inhibition for FSH?
-Perimenopause
54
If you have FSH levels that are markedly elevated, are around 36-50 years old and find Estrone (E1) as the high estrogen level what do you have?
-Menopause
55
What forms E1 in postmenopausal women?
-from testosterone by aromatase enzyme
56
What do trophoblast cells secrete upon implantation?
-Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
57
What does hCG do?
-support the corpus luteum
58
What does the placenta do at 8 weeks?
- Progesterone | - Estrogen
59
What does milk ejection after birth?
-Oxytocin
60
What do you monitor to see the index of fetus condition?
-Maternal urine estriol excretion
61
What does estrogen do in parturition?
-Induce uterine oxytocin receptor expression
62
What does oxytocin do in parturition?
- Causes contractions | - Induces release of placental prostaglandins
63
What does relaxin do in parturition?
-Peptide hormone to relax the cervix and pelvic ligaments
64
During pregnancy what is prolactin control said to be under?
-Predominant inhibitory control
65
What two hormones are continuously produced by the hypothalamus during pregnancy?
- PIF (prolactin inhibitory factor) | - DA (dopamine)
66
T/F Only when prolactin is needed does the hypothalamus stop production/secretion of DA allowing the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin.
True
67
After birth what stimulates milk production?
-Prolactin
68
What does milk ejection after birth?
-Oxytocin
69
What is the first fluid released after birth from the breast?
-Colostrum
70
T/F | Oral infections such as gum disease have been linked to preterm birth
True
71
T/F Fetal organ development occurs during the first trimester: it is best to avoid all potential risks at this time if possible
True

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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