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Biochem Human Form and Function > Carbohydrate Metabolism German 9/22/16 > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism German 9/22/16 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What are the main products of glycolysis?

A

ATP
NADH
pyruvate

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2
Q

What are the main products of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

NADPH

Ribose sugars

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3
Q

What are the main products of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex?

A

Acetyl CoA

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4
Q

What are the main products of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

NADH
FADH2
ATP

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5
Q

What are the main products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What 3 Metabolic processes are involved in cellular respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis and Acetyl-CoA production
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
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7
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation are anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Aerobic

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8
Q

Glycolysis is anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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9
Q

What does cellular respiration require?

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

What does cellular respiration give off?

A

CO2

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11
Q

Why is oxygen important in cellular respiration?

A

The final electron acceptor

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12
Q

Cellular Respiration is the pathway for what precursor molecules syntheses?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Small molecules
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13
Q

What steps in glycolysis are ATP used?

A

1 and 3

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14
Q

What steps in glycolysis is ATP created?

A

7 and 10

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15
Q

What step in glycolysis is NADH created?

A

6

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16
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

A

Preparatory Phase

Payoff Phase

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17
Q

What is the electron acceptor in glycolysis?

A

NAD+

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18
Q

What glycolysis phase is phosphorylation occurring?

A

Preparatory phase

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19
Q

What glycolysis phase is oxidation-reduction occurring?

A

Payoff Phase

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20
Q

What three cells is glycolysis the primary source of energy for?

A

Erythrocytes
Cancer Cells
Anaerobic bacteria

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21
Q

T/F Glycolysis initiates glucose electron transfer by oxidizing carbons and reducing electron carriers.

A

True

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22
Q

What molecule is essential for glycolysis to occur?

A

NAD+

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23
Q

What glycolysis phase is the phosphorylation of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

A

Preparatory phase

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24
Q

What happens to the six carbon sugar in the preparatory phase?

A

Cleaved into 2 three carbon sugars

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25
What glycolysis phase is the oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate and the couple formation of ATP and NADH?
Payoff Phase
26
What is the net balance of energy from a single glucose in glycolysis?
- 2 pyruvate - 2 ATP - 2 NADH + H
27
T/F All dietary carbohydrates are broken down into glucose
False | Not all are broken down into glucose
28
What are two sugars that do not enter glycolysis at the first step ?
Fructose | Mannose
29
Where do fructose and mannose enter glycolysis?
At Fructose 6-phosphate
30
T/F Extracellular signals and Intracellular substrate concentrations do not regulate glycolysis?
False | They do regulate glycolysis
31
What metabolic pathway is necessary to create NADPH for reductive biosynthesis (creating fatty acids) and free radical protection, and must be maintained within the cell?
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
32
What key cell components does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway synthesize?
- NADPH | - Ribose sugars
33
Where does the Pentose Phosphate pathway begin?
Glucose 6-Phosphate
34
What are some ribose sugars that the pentose phosphate pathway can help ultimately synthesize?
``` NAD+ NADP+ Nucleotides ATP FAD CoA ```
35
What regulates the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
The amount of NADPH
36
If you have a high concentration of NADPH what happens to the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
It gets down regulated
37
What are two fates that pyruvate has?
- Acetyl CoA | - Lactate
38
Why would pyruvate be turned into lactate?
Anaerobic conditions
39
Why would pyruvate be turned into Acetyl CoA
Aerobic conditions
40
Why is fermentation done?
To regenerate NAD+
41
Why is NAD+ regeneration important?
Allows glycolysis to continue
42
T/F Lactate is the electron acceptor of NADH produced in glycolysis
True
43
T/F Lactate is not readily transported out of cells and into the blood
False | It is readily transported into the blood
44
T/F Lactate is the substrate for liver gluconeogenesis
True
45
T/F Mitochondria are involved in apoptosis
True
46
T/F Mitochondria separate enzymatic processes
True
47
T/F The outer membrane of the mitochondria is impermeable to small molecules and ions
False | It is freely permeable
48
T/F The inner membrane of the mitochondria is impermeable to most small molecules and ions, including H+.
True
49
Where do you find the respiratory electron carries (electron transport chain proteins) complex I-IV?
The Inner membrane
50
Where do you find the ATP synthase protein?
The inner membrane
51
Where do you find the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
The matrix
52
Where do you find the Citric acid cycle enzymes?
The matrix
53
What steps in the cellular respiration pathway occur in the mitochondria?
- Citric Acid Cycle - Electron transport chain - Oxidative phosphorylation
54
What can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction?
- Stress - Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - DNA damage
55
When the mitochondria is dysfunctional what is released the leads to apoptosis?
Cytochrome c
56
How is pyruvate converted to Acetyl-CoA?
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
57
How many essential vitamins does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex need for functionality?
5 | -example Pantothenic acid
58
How many steps are in the Citric Acid Cycle?
8
59
What is produced per turn of the Citric Acid Cycle?
- 3 NADH - 2 CO2 - 1 GTP (ATP) - 1 FADH2
60
How many turns of the Citric Acid Cycle occur per glucose molecule?
2
61
Why is NADH and FADH2 important?
They are oxidative phosphorylation electron sources
62
T/F The Citric Acid Cycle requires O2?
T

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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