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Biochem Human Form and Function > Synapse > Flashcards

Synapse Flashcards

1
Q

What are the benefits for electrical signaling?

A

Covers long distance with minimal loss of signal
Rapid
Quickly Repeated
Information can be conveyed in patterns

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2
Q

What are the limitations for electrical signaling?

A

Binary
Difficult to modify
Energy Intensive
Microenvironment dependent

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3
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

The potential energy in the electrical gradient formed across the plasma membrane.

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4
Q

What causes the Resting Membrane Potential?

A

The K+ (Potassium) Leak Channels

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5
Q

Is the inside of the membrane positive or negative?

A

Negative

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6
Q

Is the outside of the membrane positive or negative?

A

Positive

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7
Q

Is the concentration of K+ high or low inside the cell?

A

High

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8
Q

Is the concentration of K+ high or low outside the cell?

A

Low

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9
Q

At resting membrane potential, the membrane is permeable to what Ion?

A

Potassium (K+)

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10
Q

What is Ohm’s Law

A

V=IR

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11
Q

What is Electrochemical Equilibrium?

A

When the concentration and electrical gradients for an ion are in balance

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12
Q

What is an active transporter?

A

Actively moves selected ions against concentration gradient.

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13
Q

What is an ion channel?

A

Allows ions to diffuse down concentration gradient. (Passive)

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14
Q

What are some examples of Ion channels?

A

K+,
Na+,
Ca2+,
Cl-

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15
Q

What is an example of an active transporter?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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16
Q

What allows the neuron electrical activity?

A

Membrane Potential

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17
Q

Are the Potassium (K+) leak channels fast or slow flowing?

A

Slow

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18
Q

What helps maintain the electrochemical gradient at the Resting Membrane Potential?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

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19
Q

What is the Nernst Equation used for?

A

To find the Equilibrium potential of an individual ion.

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20
Q

What is Goldmans Equation?

A

To find the Equilibrium potential of the entire plasma membrane.

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21
Q

What creates the Neuron Passive Electrical state?

A

Cytoplasm is electrically resistant

Passive current decays rapidly over space and time

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22
Q

What causes the Action Potential?

A

The sequential opening of Na+ and K+ channels in a voltage and time dependent manner.

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23
Q

What is an Action Potential?

A

A rapid change in membrane potential.

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24
Q

How does the Action Potential move?

A

It is propagated down axons.

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25
Is a Voltage Gated Ion channel Passive or Active?
Passive
26
Is a Ligand Gated Ion channel Passive or Active?
Passive
27
When a Voltage Gated ion channel is open which direction do the ions flow?
Down their concentration gradient
28
Do Voltage-Gated Ion channels have a refractory period?
Yes
29
What makes a Ligand-Gated ion channel work?
The ligand binds to ion channel
30
What are some examples of ligands?
Neurotransmitters Ions Proteins Lipids
31
How much Na+ is moved from the Na+/K+ ATPase working?
3 Na+ out
32
What channels are open during the resting phase?
The K+ leakage channel
33
What causes the Activation Phase?
A stimulus that opens stimulus induced Na+ Channels.
34
Which direction does Na+ flow during the activation phase?
Inside the cell
35
What does the influx of Na+ do to the membrane potential.
Raises it in the Positive direction.
36
What channels are open during the Activation Phase?
K+ leakage channels | Stimulus induced Na+ Channels
37
After you hit threshold which phase happens?
Rising Phase
38
What channels are open during the Rising Phase?
K+ Leakage channel Stimulus induced Na+ Channel Voltage Gated Na+ channels
39
What happens when the Voltage Gated Na+ channels are opened?
Rapid cell Depolarization
40
What happens in the Falling Phase?
Voltage Gated Na+ Channels are closed | Voltage gated K+ Channels are opened
41
Can the Voltage Gated Na+ Channels open during the falling phase?
No they are in a refractory period.
42
What is a refractory period?
When the Voltage Gated Na+ Channels can NOT open
43
What helps reestablish the Resting Potential after Hyper-polarization?
The K+ Leak channels
44
Where are axons potentials initiated?
Axon Hillock
45
Where is the Axon Hillock?
Where the axon meets the cell body
46
What direction does the Action Potential travel?
Anterograde (Unidirectional)
47
What are two ways to increase action potential conductance?
Increase Axon Caliber | Insulate Axons
48
The CNS insulated axons are called?
Oligodendrocytes
49
The PNS insulated axons are called?
Schwann Cells
50
What are neurotransmitters?
Small molecules | Neuropeptides
51
What is an example of a Neuropeptide?
Opioid
52
What are some examples of small molecule neurotransmitters?
GABA Glutamate Acetylcholine
53
What causes the depolarization of the Presynaptic membrane?
The Action potential
54
What does the depolarization of the presynaptic membrane do?
Opens Voltage Gated Ca2+ channels
55
What causes the release of the neurotransmitter?
The increased intracellular Ca2+
56
What are the three distinct pools that Synaptic Vesicles reside in?
Readily Releasable Pool Recycling pool Reserve pool
57
What complex allows vesicle release?
SNARE complex
58
What is the first step of Neurotransmitter release?
Vesicle Docks
59
What is the second step of Neurotransmitter release?
SNARE complex form to pull membranes together
60
What is the third step of neurotransmitter release?
The entering Ca2+ binds to synaptotagmin
61
What is the fourth step of the neurotransmitter release?
The Ca2+ bound synaptotagmin catalyzes membrane fusion by binding to SNARE and the plasma membrane
62
How is the terminal bouton membrane kept in balance from becoming to large?
The ultrafast synaptic vesicle cycle
63
What is the Metabotropic Neurotransmitter ?
G-Protein coupled Slower activation time Prolonged signal duration
64
What does EPSP do?
Depolarization of the Post synaptic membrane
65
What does IPSP do?
Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
66
What does Postsynaptic potential do?
It has a summation of the total charge in the membrane from EPSP and IPSP
67
When are neuronal networks established?
Early in life
68
What is information processing dictated by?
Network connectivity
69
What is included in the CNS?
Brain | Spinal Cord
70
What is included in the PNS?
Cranial nerves | Spinal nerves
71
What pathway does sensory use?
Afferent
72
What pathway does motor use?
Efferent
73
What does the brain do to the neuronal networks?
Maps them to discrete regions of the cortex
74
Where do you find the emotional and abstract states?
Deep Brain areas
75
What is a spinal reflex?
Sensory and motor loops that function independent of descending brain control
76
Is the Nervous system a summation of reflexes?
NO
77
What is the Hebbian Theory?
Neuronal networks undergo activity dependent plasticity throughout life
78
What does neuronal inactivity lead to?
Decay
79
What does neuronal activity lead to?
Network consolidation
80
When does synapse pruning occur?
During Development
81
What is Long-term potentiation?
An increase in the strength of neuronal connections
82
What is Long-term depression?
A Decrease in the number of neuronal connections
83
What constantly changes the nervous system?
Activity or Inactivity
84
How many neurons are used in the somatosensory circuit?
Three
85
What is a 1st order somatosensory neuron?
Goes from the Mechanosensory neuron to the Brainstem (Medulla)
86
What is a 2nd order somatosensory neuron?
Goes from the Brainstem (Medulla) to the Thalamus
87
What is a 3rd order somatosensory neuron?
Goes from the Thalamus to the Somatosensory Cortex
88
When do neuron decussate in the somatosensory circuit?
During 2nd order neurons at the Medulla
89
On what side of the brain do you perceive something that happened on the left side of your body?
Right
90
What is a Dermatome?
A cutaneous division of spinal nerve innervation
91
What fills Dermatomes?
Sensory Fields
92
What determines the size of a sensory field?
The number of neurons innervating a dermatome.
93
Mechanosensory neurons are ____?
Psudeounipolar
94
Nociceptors and thermoreceptors have ____?
Free nerve endings
95
What are the four types of mechanosensory nerve endings?
Merkel's cells disks Meissner Corpuscle Ruffini Endings Pacinian Corpuscle
96
How many neurons innervate a single mechanoreceptor cell type?
A single type
97
How can you increase the somatosensory cortex?
Using it
98
What are three types of Pain?
Somatic Visceral Neuropathic
99
What is Somatic pain?
Pain perceived from peripheral cutaneous perception
100
What is Visceral Pain?
Pain perceived from internal organ systems
101
What is Neuropathic pain?
Pain caused by damage to the PNS and CNS neurons experienced as burning or shocking pain
102
What are the different types of nociceptors?
Thermal Mechanical Polymodal Silent
103
What is the first step in pain signaling?
Cutaneous nociceptors are activated
104
How many neurons are used in pain signaling?
Three
105
Where can pain be gated?
Spinal Cord
106
Where do pain neurons decussate?
Spinal Cord
107
What drug interacts with central pain receptors to block the transmission of pain stimulus?
Opiates
108
How do NSAIDS block pain?
Inhibit Cox 1/2 function | Prevent pain peripherally
109
How do Opiates block pain?
Inhibit nociceptor to second order neuron transmission | Prevent pain centrally
110
How does the nervous system asses the environment?
By networks and maps
111
What are the 4 types of CNS glial cells?
Astrocyte Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendrocytes
112
What are the functions of Astrocytes?
Help form Blood Brain Barrier Regulates Interstitial fluid Most abundant glial cell
113
What is the function of Ependymal cells?
Line ventricles of the brain | Assist in circulation of CSF
114
What is the function of Microglial cells?
Phagocytosis through the CNS
115
What is the function of Oligodendrocytes?
Myelinates and insulates CNS axons
116
What are the PNS glial cells?
Schwann Cells

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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