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z - General Botany > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

an organic molecule consists of a carbon-based core with special groups

A

Macromolecules

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2
Q

specific groups of atoms that have special properties

A

functional groups

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3
Q

Four (4) kinds of macromolecules

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic Acids
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4
Q

long chains of repeating similar units

A

Polymers

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5
Q

simple molecule with two or more binding sites through which it forms covalent linkages with other simple molecules

A

monomer

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6
Q

Process by which macromolecules are made

A

Dehydration synthesis

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7
Q

Process by which macromolecules are broken down

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

What are needed in the processes that make and break macromolecules?

A

Enzymes

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9
Q
  • also referred to as sugars
  • provide building materials and energy storage
  • molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

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11
Q

Two (2) main types of carbohydrates

A
  1. Simple carbohydrates
  2. Complex carbohydrates
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12
Q

Two (2) types of simple carbohydrates

A
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Disaccharide
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13
Q

consists of one subunit

A

monosaccharides

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14
Q

consists of two subunits

A

disaccharides

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15
Q

consists of long polymers of sugar subunits

A

polysaccharides

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16
Q

Examples of polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
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17
Q

provides energy storage in plants

A

Starch

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18
Q

provides energy storage in animals

A

Glycogen

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19
Q

found in the cell walls of plants

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

found in the cell walls of fungi

A

Chitin

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21
Q

Part of the plant that has the most carbohydrate

A

Seed portion

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22
Q

Part of the plant that has the 2nd most carbohydrate

A

Tuber portion

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23
Q

Examples of food that are in the seed portion

A
  • grains (rice, wheat, oats, etc.)
  • corn
  • peas
  • beans
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24
Q

Examples of food that are in the tuber portion

A
  • potato
  • yucca
  • taro root
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25
Q

Part of the plant that has the 3rd most carohydrate

A

Fruit portion

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26
Q

Part of the plant that has the 4th most carbohydrate

A

Root portion

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27
Q

Example of food that are in the root portion

A
  • radish
  • carrots
  • parsnips
  • turnips
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28
Q

Part of the plant that has the least carbohydrate

A

Vegetable portion

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29
Q

What are the three (3) most common monosaccharides?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Galactose
  3. Fructose
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30
Q

What are the three (3) most common disaccharides?

A
  1. Lactose
  2. Sucrose
  3. Maltose
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31
Q

What are lactose made of?

A

Galactose + Glucose

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32
Q

What are sucrose made of?

A

Fructose + Glucose

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33
Q

What are maltose made of?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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34
Q

Example of transport disaccharide

A

Lactose

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35
Q

Examples of storage polysaccharide

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
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36
Q

Examples of structural polysaccharide

A
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
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37
Q

Made of subunits called amino acids

A

Proteins

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38
Q

What are the four (4) general groups of amino acids

A
  1. Nonpolar (an aromatic)
  2. Polar uncharged
  3. Polar ionizable (charged)
  4. Special chemical groups
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39
Q

How many amino acids are there in nonpolar group

A

Six (6) amino acids

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40
Q

How many amino acids are there in polar uncharged group

A

Six (6) amino acids

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41
Q

How many amino acids are there in polar ionizable group

A

Five (5) amino acids

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42
Q

How many amino acids are there in special chemical groups

A

Three (3) amino acids

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43
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 amino acids

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44
Q

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized within the body

A

Essential amino acids

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45
Q

What are the nine (9) essential amino acids? (PriVaTe ThIM HiLL)

A
  1. Phenylalanine
  2. Valine
  3. Tryptophan
  4. Threonine
  5. Isoleucine
  6. Methionine
  7. Histidine
  8. Lysine
  9. Leucine
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46
Q
  • Essential amino acids that are included in protein that forms muscles
  • Account for 30-40% of essential amino acids
A
  • Valine
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
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47
Q

Amino acids that can be synthesized within the body

A

Non-essential amino acids

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48
Q

What are the 11 non-essential amino acids?
(Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Going To A Pretty Shop)

A
  1. Alanine
  2. Arginine
  3. Glycine
  4. Glutamine
  5. Cysteine
  6. Asparagine
  7. Glutamic Acid
  8. Tyrosine
  9. Aspartic Acid
  10. Proline
  11. Serine
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49
Q

How are essential amino acids acquired?

A

Consumed in the form of food

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50
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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51
Q

How are amino acids linked together?

A

By peptide bonds

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52
Q

What are long chains of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptides

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53
Q

Determined by the sequence of its amino acids

A

Protein structure

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54
Q

What are the four (4) general levels of protein structure?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary
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55
Q

specific amino acid sequence of a protein

A

Primary structure

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56
Q

initial folding of the amino acid chain by hydrogen bonding

A

Secondary structure

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57
Q

final three-dimensional shape of the protein

A

Tertiary structure

58
Q

spatial arrangement of polypeptides in a multi-component protein

A

Quaternary structure

59
Q

The normal shape of the protein gets deformed because some of the hydrogen bonds are broken

A

Denature

60
Q

What causes a protein to denature?

A

Changes in its environment

61
Q

What happens to a denatured protein?

A
  • loses its 3D structure
  • becomes inactive
62
Q

What are the two classes of protein?

A
  1. Structural
  2. Globular
63
Q
  • long cables
  • provide shape/strength
A

Structural proteins

64
Q
  • grooves and depressions
  • enzymes
A

Globular proteins

65
Q

Examples of structural proteins

A
  • Fibrin
  • Keratin
66
Q

Three (3) examples of protein type utilized in living plants

A
  1. Storage protein
  2. RuBisCo (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase)
  3. Plasma membrane proteins (surface proteins, globular proteins)
67
Q

Where do storage proteins occur?

A

Seeds, tubers

68
Q

Where does the RuBisCo occur?

A

Chloroplast

69
Q

Where is the occurrence of plasma membrane proteins?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Protein channels
70
Q

What is the function of storage proteins in seeds and tubers?

A

growth and nutrition to seedlings and plantlets

71
Q

What is the function of the RuBisCo in chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

72
Q

What is the function of plasma membrane proteins in cell membrane and protein channels?

A
  • Structural support
  • Ion regulation
  • Transport
73
Q

Protein type utilized in food products

A

Vicilin

74
Q

Where does vicilin occur?

A

Pea

75
Q

What is the function of vicilin found in pea?

A

Heat-induced gelation emulsifying properties

76
Q

Protein type utilized in bio-based materials

A
  • Glutenins
  • Gliadins
77
Q

Where is the occurrence of glutenins and gliadins?

A

Wheat

78
Q

Functions of glutenins and gliadins in wheat

A
  • cohesive matrix
  • gas barrier
  • strength (glutenins)
  • flexibility (gliadins)
79
Q

Proteins that serve as catalyst

A

Enzymes

80
Q

What are catalysts?

A

They speed up chemical reactions within cells

81
Q

Why do enzymes bind a specific molecule and stress bonds?

A

make a particular reaction more likely

82
Q

site on enzyme surface where reactant fits

A

Active site

83
Q

site on reactant where enzyme binds

A

Binding site

84
Q

What determines the enzyme’s activity?

A

Enzyme shape

85
Q

What do enzymes have to which particular reactants fit, like a hand in a glove?

A

Complex three-dimensional surface

86
Q

Particular reactants of enzymes are also called __.

A

Substrates of that enzyme

87
Q

What does the enzyme and its substrate/s form when they bind tightly together?

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

88
Q

What happens in the binding of enzyme and its substrate/s?

A
  • Brings key atoms near each other
  • stresses key covalent bonds
89
Q

What is the result of the binding of the enzyme and its substrate/s?

A

Chemical reaction occurs in active site and forms the product

90
Q

What happens to the product in the enzyme?

A

Diffuses away, freeing the enzyme to work again

91
Q

What do you call the cycle that happens in an enzyme?

A

Catalytic cycle

92
Q

What are the factors affecting enzyme activity?

A

Any change in condition that alters enzyme’s 3D shape.

93
Q

The structural bonds of enzymes are sensitive to what?

A

Changes in temperature and pH

94
Q

What happens to the enzyme when the temperature or pH reaches beyond the optimal range?

A

Denature

95
Q

Enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach

A

Pepsin

96
Q

Enzyme that digests proteins in the intestine

A

Trypsin

97
Q

What is the optimum temperature for human enzyme?

A

About 37°C

98
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzymes from hotsprings bacterium?

A

about 70°C

99
Q

Large nonpolar molecules that are insoluble in water

A

Lipids

100
Q

Three (3) major types of lipids

A
  1. Fats
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
101
Q

What is the function of lipids in plants?

A
  • Major component of biological membranes
  • used as compact energy source for seed germination
102
Q

What is the major lipids in plants?

A

Fatty acids

103
Q

Where are the fatty acids synthesized in plants?

A

Plastid

104
Q

Where are the plastids assembled after synthesis?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

105
Q

What assembles the synthesized fatty acids in the ER?

A

Assembled by Glycerolipids or triacylglycerols

106
Q

Three (3) divisions of lipids based on the fatty acid

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Simple lipids
  3. Complex lipids
107
Q

Two (2) types of fatty acids

A
  1. Saturated
  2. Unsaturated
108
Q

Three (3) types of simple lipids

A
  1. Glycerides
  2. Cerids
  3. Sterides
109
Q

Three (3) types of complex lipids

A
  1. Phosphorus lipids
  2. Nitrogen lipids
  3. Sulfur lipids
110
Q

Four (4) divisions of lipid-based isoprene

A
  1. Terpenoids
  2. Carotenoids
  3. Quinones isoprene chain
  4. Steroids
111
Q

used for long-term energy storage

A

Fats

112
Q

Other terms for fats

A

Triglycerides or Triacylglycerol

113
Q

Composition of fats

A

Three (3) fatty acid chains linked to glycerol

114
Q

Fatty acids with single bonds between all carbon pairs

A

Saturated fats (hard fat)

115
Q

Where are saturated fats mostly found?

A

Most animal fats

116
Q

Fatty acids that contain double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms

A

Unsaturated fats (Oil)

117
Q

Where are unsaturated fats mostly found?

A

Most plant fats

118
Q

Two (2) forms of unsaturated fats

A
  1. Trans
  2. Cis
119
Q

H atoms are opposite

A

Trans fat

120
Q

H atoms are on the same side

A

Cis

121
Q
  • a modified fat
  • one of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate and a small polar functional group
A

Phospholipids

122
Q

In water, phospholipids aggregate to form a __ __

A

lipid bilayer

123
Q

Structure of phospholipid

A
  • hydrophilic head (phosphate, glycerol)
  • hydrophobic tail (saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid)
124
Q
  • key hormones throughout the plant kingdom
  • BR signaling functions to promote cell expansion and cell division
A

brassinosteroids

125
Q

main information-carrying molecules of the cell

A

Nucleic acids

126
Q

By directing the process of __ __, nucleic acids determine the __ __ of every living thing

A

protein synthesis; inherited characteristics

127
Q

Two main classes of nucleic acids

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • ribonucleic acid (RNA)
128
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  • cytosine
  • thymine (DNA)
  • uracil (RNA)
129
Q

Purines

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
130
Q

double ring

A

purine

131
Q

single ring

A

pyrimidine

132
Q

nitrogenous bases are connected by

A

hydrogen bond

133
Q

polymer of the intermediate filament

A

polypeptide

134
Q

monomer of polypeptide

A

amino acid

135
Q

polymer of chromosome

A

DNA strand

136
Q

monomer of DNA strands

A

nucleotide

137
Q

polymer of starch grains in a chloroplast

A

starch

138
Q

monomer of starch

A

monosaccharide

139
Q

polymer of adipose cells with fat droplets

A

fat molecule

140
Q

monomer of fat molecules

A

fatty acid

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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