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z - General Botany > Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems > Flashcards

Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems Flashcards

1
Q

leaves + stem

A

shoot system

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2
Q
  • cells that divide for life of plant
  • can give rise to all plant structures
A

Meristem

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3
Q

Two main divisions of plants

A
  1. Vascular
  2. Non-vascular
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4
Q

plants with vascular tissues, particularly xylem and phloem for conducting water and integrating food

A

vascular plants (tracheophytes)

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5
Q

lack specialized vascular system for transporting water and nutrients

A

non-vascular plants (mosses sensu lato)

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6
Q

Two divisions of vascular plants

A
  1. Seed plants (spermatophytes)
  2. Pteridophytes (ferns sensu lato)
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7
Q

Two types of seed plants

A
  1. Gymnosperms
  2. Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)
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8
Q

flowering plants and have seeds enclosed within their fruit

A

angiosperms

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9
Q

have no flower or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves

A

gymnosperm

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10
Q

gymnosperm seeds are configured as __

A

cones

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11
Q

Characteristics of non-vascular plants

A
  • can be found in walls
  • do not increase in size
  • may spread
  • get their nutrients through diffusion
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12
Q

vascular plants that disperses spores

A

Pteridophyte

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13
Q
  • epidermal hair
  • a major function of it is to be in plant defense
A

trichome

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14
Q

single cotyledon

A

monocots

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15
Q

two cotyledon

A

dicots

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16
Q
  • narrow long leaf
  • parallel veins
A

monocot

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17
Q
  • broad leaf
  • network of veins
A

dicots

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18
Q

vascular bundles scattered

A

monocots

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19
Q

ring of vascular bundles

A

dicots

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20
Q

flower parts in multiples of three

A

monocots

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21
Q

flower parts in multiples of five (or four)

A

dicots

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22
Q

fibrous root

A

monocot

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23
Q

taproot

A

dicot

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24
Q

Two Types of Plant Body

A
  1. Primary Plant Body
  2. Secondary Plant Body
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25
Q

derived from shoot and root apical meristems

A

primary plant body

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26
Q

composed of primary tissues

A

primary plant body

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27
Q

constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant

A

primary plant body

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28
Q

derived from meristems other than apical meristems

A

secondary plant body

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29
Q

composed of secondary tissues

A

secondary plant body

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30
Q

what are the secondary tissues

A

wood and bark

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31
Q

constitutes the woody, bark-covered parts of a plant

A

secondary plant body

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32
Q

a woody plant has primary tissues as its __ and __

A

shoot and root

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33
Q

a strand of specialized vascular tissue of higher plants consisting mostly of xylem and phloem

A

vascular bundle

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34
Q

where is xylem located in a dicot

A

inner

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35
Q

where is phloem located in a dicot

A

outer

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36
Q

ground tissue towards the interior of the vascular tissue in a stem or root

A

pith

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37
Q

the layer of tissue between the vascular tissue and the epidermis

A

cortex

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38
Q

what is pith made of

A

undifferentiated parenchyma

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39
Q

Secondary plant body increses __

A

girth

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40
Q

are found in plants that exhibit secondary growth

A

lateral meristems

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41
Q

lateral meristems give rise to ___ ___ which are collectively called __ __ __

A
  • secondary tissues
  • called secondary plant body
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42
Q

Two types of woody plants

A
  1. Cork cambium
  2. Vascular cambium
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43
Q

outer bark

A

cork cambium

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44
Q

2 vascular tissue

A

vascular cambium

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45
Q

What causes plant growth

A

division of meristem cells

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46
Q

May be found in the lateral and terminal bud and roots

A

apical meristem

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47
Q
  • cylinders within plant body
  • increase in width
A

lateral meristem

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48
Q

thin primary walls

A

parenchyma

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49
Q

typically alive at maturity

A

parenchyma, collenchyma

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50
Q

many functions

A

parenchyma

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51
Q

unevenly thickened primary walls

A

collenchyma

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52
Q

provide plastic support

A

collenchyma

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53
Q

primary walls + secondary walls

A

sclerenchyma

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54
Q

many dead at maturity

A

sclerenchyma

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55
Q

provide plastic support and some (tracheary elements) are involved in water transport

A

sclerenchyma

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56
Q
  • cells that are capable of performing photosynthesis
  • many guard cells
A

chlorenchyma

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57
Q

capable of producing nectar and resin

A

Glandular cells

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58
Q

specialized parenchyma cells that facilitate the transport of sugars from a sugar source, mainly mature leaves, to a sugar sink, often developing leaves or fruits

A

transfer cells

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59
Q
  • typically found at elongating shoot tips
  • absent in developing roots
A

Collenchyma

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60
Q
  • mature cells
  • undergo lignification
A

Sclerenchyma

61
Q

enhance plant cell wall rigidity, hydrophobic properties and promotes minerals transport through the vascular bundles in plant

A

Lignin

62
Q

nonconducting sclerenchyma

A

mechanical sclerenchyma

63
Q

tracheary elements

A

conducting sclerenchyma

64
Q

Two types of mechanical sclerenchyma

A
  1. sclereids
  2. fibers
65
Q
  • more or less isodiametric
  • often dead at maturity
A

sclereids

66
Q
  • long
  • many types are dead, other types remain alive and involved in storage
A

fibers

67
Q

Two types of conducting sclerenchyma

A
  1. tracheids
  2. vessel elements
68
Q
  • long and narrow with tapered ends
  • contain no perforations
  • dead at maturity
  • found in all vascular plants
A

tracheids

69
Q
  • short and wide with rather perpendicular end walls
  • must contain one or two perforations
  • dead at maturity
  • found almost exclusively in flowering plants
A

vessel elements

70
Q

how many perforations are there in tracheids

A

none

71
Q

how many perforations are there in vessel elements

A

must contain one or two perforations

72
Q

among nonflowering plants, only ferns, horsetails and gymnosperms have __

A

vessels

73
Q

It transports sugars and other items

A

phloem

74
Q

in angiosperms, ___ ___ contain the sugar solution and are surrounded by various support cells

A

sieve-tube elements

75
Q

mainly consists of dead cells that have primary and secondary cell walls which provide support

A

sclerenchyma

76
Q

cavities present inside the cell

A

lumen

77
Q

also function in support though they are living

A

collenchyma

78
Q

unspecialized cells that carry out most of a plant’s metabolism

A

parenchyma

79
Q

parenchyma cells with chloroplasts

A

chlorenchyma

80
Q

transports water and minerals

A

xylem

81
Q

How do xylem transport water and minerals

A

through vessel elements and tracheids

82
Q

In pits, the secondary wall is __ or __, allowing water to flow laterally

A

thin or missing

83
Q

Location of Parenchyma

A
  • stem
  • root
  • leaves
  • flowers
  • fruits widely distributed
84
Q

Location of Collenchyma

A

below the epidermis

85
Q

Location of Sclerenchyma

A

outermost boundaries of plant parts, cortex, pith, hard seeds etc.

86
Q

Function of Parenchyma

A
  • stores and assimilates food
  • provides mechanical support (turgidity)
  • store waste products like tannin, gum, resins, etc.
87
Q

Function of Collenchyma

A
  • provides mechanical support and elasticity
  • manufacture sugar and starch
88
Q

Function of Sclerenchyma

A

provides mechanical support

89
Q

bud located at the apex of the stem where most of the plant growth occurs

A

Terminal Bud

90
Q

sprout that develops in the axil of a plant, which is the angle formed by the upper side of the stem and an outgrowing leaf or a branch

A

Axillary Bud

91
Q

location on a stem where the leaves or branches are attached

A

Node

92
Q

interval or part between two nodes of a stem

A

Internode

93
Q

acute angle between a vine shoot and a leaf stem or petiole extending from the shoot

A

Leaf axil

94
Q

Mark left by a leaf after it falls off the twig

A

Leaf scar

95
Q

how leaves are arranged on the stem

A

Phyllotaxy

96
Q

Five (5) arrangements of phyllotaxy

A
  1. Alternate
  2. Opposite
  3. Decussate
  4. Whorled
  5. Spiral
97
Q

a slender whiplike or threadlike strand, produced usually from the node of a stem, by which a vine or other plant may climb

A

Stem tendrils

98
Q

slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes

A

Runner

99
Q

fleshy underground stems

A

Rhizomes

100
Q

Example of a rhizome

A

ginger

101
Q
  • modified stem that is the resting stage of certain seed plant
  • consists of a relatively large, usually globe-shaped, underground bud with membranous or fleshy overlapping leaves arising from a short stem
A

bulb

102
Q

flattened stem

A

Cladophyll

103
Q

enlarged underground stems that store nutrients, surrounded by papery outer layers

A

Corm

104
Q

underground stem in which the stem tissue serves as the primary storage tissue, but has no basal plate

A

Tuber

105
Q

Arrangement of primary tissues

A

function is related to its structure

106
Q

In order to function properly, a tissue must _____. In order to function properly, the tissues of an organ must _____.

A
  • Must contain the right cells in the proper arrangement.
  • must be arranged correctly
107
Q

microscopic pores on the lower epidermis of the leaf

A

stomata

108
Q

pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores

A

Guard cells

109
Q

Guard cells swollen

A

stoma opening

110
Q

Guard cells shrunken

A

stoma closing

111
Q

epidermal cells that elongated outwards

A

trichomes

112
Q

chemical of collenchyma

A

pectin

113
Q

special property of pectin

A

plasticity

114
Q

chemical of sclerenchyma

A

lignin

115
Q

chemical of epidermis

A

cutin/waxes

116
Q

chemical of endodermis

A
  • suberin
  • lignin
117
Q

chemical of cork (in bark)

A

suberin

118
Q

special property of lignin

A
  • strength
  • waterproofing
119
Q

special property of cutin/waxes

A
  • waterproofing
  • indigestible by bacteria, fungi, animals
120
Q

special property of suberin

A

waterproofing

121
Q

__ coat around __ fibers

A

hemicellulose coat around cellulose fibers

122
Q

shape of tracheids

A
  • long/narrow
  • ends pointed
123
Q

shape of vessel elements

A
  • short/wide
  • ends usually flat
124
Q

secondary wall of tracheids

A
  • annular
  • scalariform
  • helical
  • reticulate
  • circulate
  • bordered pits
125
Q

secondary wall of vessel elements

A
  • annular
  • scalariform
  • helical
  • reticulate
  • circular border
  • pits
126
Q

perforations of tracheids

A

none

127
Q

perforations of vessel elements

A
  • usually two:
    one in each end wall
  • terminate members with only one
128
Q

shape of sieve cells

A
  • long/narrow
  • ends pointed
129
Q

shape of sieve tube members

A
  • short/wide
  • ends usually flat
130
Q

sieve areas of sieve cells

A
  • small
  • located over all the cell surface
131
Q

sieve areas of sieve tube members

A
  • on side walls
  • small on end walls
  • very large end wall is sieve plate
132
Q

associated cells in sieve cells

A

albuminous cells

133
Q

associated cells in sieve tube members

A

companion cells

134
Q

plant division in sieve cells

A

all non-angiosperm vascular plants

135
Q

plant division in sieve tube members

A
  • angiosperms only
  • some relictual angiosperms
136
Q

Three Types of Plant Tissues

A
  1. Vascular Tissue
  2. Ground Tissue
  3. Dermal Tissue
137
Q

Vascular Tissue

A
  • transport
  • support
138
Q

Ground Tissue

A
  • synthesis of sugars
  • storage
  • support
139
Q

Dermal Tissue

A
  • protection
140
Q

Vascular bundles are described as ___

A

Collateral (Xylem and Phloem are tandem)

141
Q

First root

A

Radicle

142
Q

Apical meristem divides to form, three meristematic regions

A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Procambium
  3. Ground meristem
143
Q

Protoderm give rise to ___

A

Dermal tissue

144
Q

Procambium / pro-vascular tissue give rise to ___

A

Primary xylem and phloem

145
Q

Ground meristem give rise to ___

A

Pith and cortex

146
Q

Protoxylem (matures) –> _____

A

metaxylem

147
Q

Metaxylem gives rise to ___ and ___

A

Tracheids and vessel elements

148
Q

Protophloem (matures) –> ____

A

Metaphloem

149
Q

Metaphloem give rise to ___ and ___

A

Sieve tube and sieve cells

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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