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z - General Botany > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Respiration

A
  1. Aerobic respiration
  2. Anaerobic respiration
  3. Heat-generating respiration
  4. Pentose phosphate pathway
  5. Respiration of Lipids
  6. Photorespiration
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2
Q

process that breaks down complex carbon compounds into simpler molecules and simultaneously generates the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used to power other metabolic processes.

A

Respiration

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3
Q

Carbon oxidation state goes from ___ to ___ as electrons are removed by NAD+, which is converted to NADH in the process

A

+0 to +4

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4
Q

What removes the electrons from carbon

A

NAD+

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5
Q
  • without air
  • type of cellular respiration that does not use oxygen to produce energy
A

Anaerobic Respiration

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6
Q
  • anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not available
A

Fermentation

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7
Q

Types of Fermentation

A
  1. Alcoholic fermentation
  2. Lactic acid fermentation
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8
Q
  • also referred to as ethanol fermentation
  • occurs in plants and yeast
  • Yeast cells perform this type of fermentation that produces the alcohol we drink like beer and wine
A

Alcoholic fermentation

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9
Q

where alcoholic fermentation occurs

A
  • plants
  • yeast
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10
Q
  • occurs in animals and humans
  • produces lactic acid (lactate)
  • used to preserve dairy products, vegetables, and meat
A

Lactic acid fermentation

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11
Q
  • actually a poisonous chemical
  • accumulation causes cramps and muscle pain
A

lactic acid (lactate)

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12
Q
  • with oxygen present
  • A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).
A

Aerobic respiration

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13
Q

means sweet

A

glyks

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14
Q

means breakdown/ splitting

A

lysis

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15
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A
  • cytosol
  • plastids
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16
Q

series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates

A

Glycolysis

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17
Q

1st phase of glycolysis

A
  • energy is used instead of produced
  • glucose is converted into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
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18
Q

2nd phase of glycolysis

A
  • energy is produced
  • glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into pyruvate
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19
Q

adds a phosphate into glucose to form glucose 6- phosphate

A

kinase reaction

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20
Q

converts glucose 6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate by rearranging covalent bond

A

isomerase reaction

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21
Q

Another kinase removes a phosphate group from ATP and gives it to fructose 6-phosphate to form ___ ___.

A

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

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22
Q

what is formed after the first kinase reaction in glycolysis

A

glucose 6-phosphate

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23
Q

what is formed after an isomerase reaction in glycolysis

A

fructose-6-phosphate

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24
Q

splits the 6-carbon fructose 1,6
bisphosphate into two sugars, DHAP and G3P

A

lyase reaction

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25
Q

what is produced after lyase reaction that splits the 6-carbon fructose

A

two sugars:
- DHAP
- G3P

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26
Q

DHAP

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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27
Q

G3P

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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28
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are___ to 1,3-
bisphosphate by dehydrogenase

A

oxidized

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29
Q

formed after oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

A

1,3-biphosphate

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30
Q

a ___ transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate

A

kinase

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31
Q

what is formed after a kinase transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphogylcerate to ADP

A
  • ATP
  • 3-phosphoglycerate
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32
Q

involves a ___ ___ that moves the phosphate to form 2-phosphoglycerate.

A

mutase reaction

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33
Q

what is formed after a mutase reaction

A

2-phosphhoglycerate

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34
Q

A ___ ___ removes water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate

A

lyase reaction

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35
Q

what is formed after a lyase reaction that removes water from 2-phosphoglycerate

A

phosphoenolpyruvate

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36
Q

a ___ ___ removes the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate and donates it to ADP to form ATP and pyruvate.

A

kinase reaction

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37
Q

what is formed after a kinase reaction that removes the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate and donates it to ADP

A
  • ATP
  • pyruvate
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38
Q

what is formed after glycolysis of one glucose molecule

A
  • 2 pyruvate molecule
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
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39
Q
  • the final pathway of oxidation of glucose, fats, and amino acids
  • major source of ATP production in the cells
  • large amount of energy is produced after the complete oxidation of nutrients.
A

citric acid cycle

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40
Q

citric acid cycle is also known as

A
  • tricarboxylic acid cycle
  • krebs cycle
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41
Q

citric acid cycle in prokaryotic cells happen where

A

cytoplasm

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42
Q

citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells happen where

A

matrix of mitochondria

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43
Q

citric acid cycle uses ___ and gives out ___ and ___ as products

A
  • uses oxygen
  • water and carbon dioxide as products
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44
Q

in citric acid cycle, ___ is converted to ___

A

ADP to ATP

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45
Q

How many steps are there in citric acid cycle

A

8 steps

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46
Q

Citric acid cycle step 1

A
  • condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate
  • form 6C citrate
  • coenzyme A released
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47
Q

step 1 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what

A

citrate synthase

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48
Q

Citric acid cycle step 2

A
  • citrate converted to isocitrate
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49
Q

step 2 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what

A

aconitase

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50
Q

Citric acid cycle step 3

A
  • isocitrate undergoes dehydrogenation & decarboxylation
  • form 5C α-ketoglutarate
  • CO2 is released
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51
Q

step 3 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

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52
Q

isocitrate dehydrogenase is dependent to ___. Because of this, it is converted to ___

A
  • NAD+
  • NADH
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53
Q

Citric acid cycle step 4

A
  • α-ketoglutarate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation
  • succinyl CoA is formed
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54
Q

step 4 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what

A

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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55
Q

Step 4:
one molecule of ___ is released and ___ is converted to ___

A
  • CO2 is released
  • NAD+ converted to NADH
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56
Q

Citric acid cycle step 5

A
  • succinyl CoA forms succinate
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57
Q

step 5 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what

A

succinyl CoA synthetase

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58
Q

succinyl is coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of ___ to get ___. Then, it transfers its phosphate to ___ forming ___

A
  • GDP
  • GTP
  • ADP
  • ATP
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59
Q

Citric acid cycle step 6

A
  • succinate is oxidized
  • fumarate is formed
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60
Q

step 6 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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61
Q

in step 6 of citric acid cycle, ___ is converted to ___

A
  • FAD
  • FADH2
62
Q

Citric acid cycle step 7

A
  • fumarate converted to malate by addition of one H2O
63
Q

step 7 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what

A

fumarase

64
Q

Citric acid cycle step 8

A
  • malate dehydrogenated
  • oxaloacetate is formed, and combines to another acetyl CoA and starts new cycle
65
Q

step 8 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what

A

malate dehydrogenase

66
Q

in step 8 of citric acid cycle, ___ is removed and get transferred to ___ forming ___

A
  • hydrogens removed
  • NAD+ forming NADH
67
Q

what carries protons and electron to the electron transport chain to generate additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • NADH + H+
  • FADH2
68
Q

process by which ATP synthesis is coupled to the movement of electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the associated consumption of oxygen

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

69
Q

For complete oxidation of one glucose molecule, citric acid cycle yields

A
  • 4 CO2
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 2 ATPs
70
Q

each molecule of NADH can form ___

A

2-3 ATPs

71
Q

each FADH2 gives ___ on oxidation in the electron transport chain

A

2 ATPs

72
Q

form of vitamin B2 used to restore riboflavin in anemia, migraine, alcoholism, and hyperhomocysteinemia

A

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

73
Q
  • represent the membrane hub where most of the respiratory complexes embed to account for OXPHOS and energy production in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • Changes in the number and shape define the respiratory capacity as well as cell viability
A

Crista lumen

74
Q
  • coenzyme central to metabolism
  • consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups
A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)

75
Q
  • helps mitochondria (small structures in the cell) make energy
  • antioxidant that helps prevent cell damage caused by free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
A

Ubiquinone

76
Q

proteins that contain heme as their prosthetic group and whose principal biological function, in the cells of animals, plants, and microorganisms, is electron transport

A

Cytochromes

77
Q
  • transmembrane molecule found in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and in the cellular space of aerobic prokaryotes
  • proton pump that plays a vital role in producing energy, in the form of ATP, via the ETS
A

Cytochrome oxidase

78
Q
  • electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient
  • In chemiosmosis, the energy stored in the gradient is used to make ATP
A

electron transport chain

79
Q
  • transports the substrate for oxidative metabolism directly from the cytosol to the mitochondrial electron transport chain
  • essential for glucose-induced activation of mitochondrial metabolism and insulin secretion in adult β-cells
A

NADH shuttle system

80
Q

Types of shuttle

A
  1. Malate-aspartate shuttle
  2. Glycerol phosphate shuttle
81
Q
  • essential system used by mitochondria
  • NADH in the cytosol powers the conversion of oxaloacetate to malate
  • Malate is converted to aspartate and transported back out of the mitochondrion, where it is converted to oxaloacetate again and can repeat the cycle
A

malate-aspartate shuttle

82
Q
  • byproduct of glycolysis
  • important pathway for delivery of cytosolic reducing equivalents into mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
  • mechanism that regenerates NAD+ from NADH
A

glycerol phosphate shuttle

83
Q
  • cellular respiration that allows plants produce heat
  • takes place in the mitochondria
A

thermogenic respiration

84
Q

Ex. of thermogenic plants

A
  • voodoo lily
  • skunk cabbage
85
Q

Thermogenesis in plants

A
  1. No proton gradient and no chemiosmosis production of ATP
  2. Alternative Electron Carriers (do not pump protons during electron transport in mitochondria)
  3. Energy in NADH is converted entirely to heat
86
Q

In plants, alternative electron carriers do not interact with ___, ___ and ___

A
  • cyanide (CN-)
  • azide (N3-)
  • carbon monoxide (CO)
87
Q

thermogenic/heat-generating respiration is also called ___ ___

A

cyanide-resistant respiration

88
Q
  • produce sugars that make up DNA and RNA (ribose)
  • produce sugars that make up lignin and anthocyanin (erythrose)
  • Produce NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
  • Occurs in cytosol and plastids
A

pentose phosphate pathway

89
Q

where does pentose phosphate pathway occurs

A
  • cytosol
  • plastid
90
Q

the deposition of __ in cell walls make up woody plant parts

A

lignin

91
Q

colored water-soluble pigments in vacuoles

A

anthocyanins

92
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway:
meristematic cells, favors what

A

ribose production

93
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway:
woody cells, favors what

A

erythrose production

94
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway:
other cells, favors what

A

NADPH production

95
Q

Lipids undergo __ in which the fatty acids are separated from either glycerol of glycerol phosphate

A

lipolysis

96
Q

fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA by a process called

A

beta oxidation

97
Q

activation of fatty acids to become acyl-CoA is catalyzed by what enzyme

A

acyl-CoA synthetase

98
Q

Four (4) steps in beta-oxidation

A
  1. dehydrogenation
  2. hydration
  3. oxidation
  4. thiolysis (cleavage)
99
Q

each round of beta-oxidation uses

A
  • 1 FAD+
  • 1 NAD+
  • 1 H2O
  • 1 CoA
100
Q

each round of beta-oxidation generates

A
  • 1 NADH
  • 1 H+
  • 1 FADH2
  • 1 acetyl coA (last round produces 2)
101
Q

acetyl coa may be used for synthesis of ___ or may enter __ __ __ and be further respired

A
  • carbohydrates
  • citric acid cycle
102
Q

enzyme that catalyzes lipolysis

A

lipase

103
Q
  • Refers to a process in plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP, wasting some of the energy produced by photosynthesis
  • RuBisCO reacts with oxygen rather than carbon dioxide.
A

photorespiration

104
Q

Organelles that participate in photorespiration

A
  1. chloroplast
  2. peroxisome
  3. mitochondrion
105
Q

Environmental factors and internal factors that affect rate of respiration

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Lack of Oxygen
  3. Internal regulation
106
Q

The cellular respiration in plants increases with an increase in ___ until the point- when a further increase will lead to tissue deterioration.

A

temperature

107
Q

Optimal temperature of plants to have the highest enzyme activity

A

40°C

108
Q

The ___ ___ ___ in the surrounding atmosphere greatly influence the rate of respiration.

A

percentage of oxygen

109
Q

During fruit maturation, respiration usually remains ___ or __ __ until just before the fruit is mature

A
  • steady
  • increase gradually
110
Q

Sudden burst of respiration in fruit maturation is triggered by __ __

A

endogenous hormones

111
Q

Within seeds, after an embryo is mature, its respiration ___ dramatically and the seed becomes dormant

A
  • decreases
112
Q

Tissues that store large amounts of lipids

A
  • oily seeds
  • dormant apical meristem
113
Q

Cells that have metabolism, have high level of __ __

A

aerobic respiration

114
Q

Respiration is much higher in ___ season than in ___ season for the other organs

A
  • summer
  • winter
115
Q

respiration usually remains or increase gradually until just before the fruit is mature

A

fruit maturation

116
Q
  • respiration decreases so dramatically after an embryo is mature
  • becomes dormant
A

within seeds

117
Q

no respiration occurs even if the embryo is surgically removed and given water, warmth, and oxygen

A

seeds with true dormant period

118
Q

Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:

Anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP -> 2ATP

119
Q

Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:

Glycolysis (Aerobic respiration)

A

2 ATP -> 2 ATP
2 NADH -> 4 or 6 ATP

120
Q

Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:

Pyruvate/acetyl CoA (Aerobic respiration)

A

1 NADH -> 3 ATP (2) -> 6 ATP

121
Q

Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:

Citric acid cycle (Aerobic respiration)

A

1 ATP (2) -> 2 ATP
3 NADH -> 9 ATP (2) -> 18 ATP
1 FADH2 -> 2 ATP (2) -> 4 ATP

122
Q

Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

2 to 6 NADPH -> 0 to 12 ATP

123
Q

Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:

Heat-generating respiration

A

none

124
Q

Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:

Lipid respiration

A

variable

125
Q

Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:

Photorespiration

A

none

126
Q
  • ratio of volume of carbon dioxide given out and volume of oxygen taken in during respiration
  • depends upon respiratory substrates and their oxidation
A

Respiratory Quotient or Respiratory Ratio

127
Q
  • contain relatively large amounts of oxygen in their molecular structure, less is needed to convert them to carbon dioxide and water
A

Acids

128
Q

contain virtually no oxygen

A

fatty acids

129
Q

Formula of RQ

A

RQ = CO2 liberated / O2 consumed

130
Q

Examples of alcoholic beverages

A
  1. beer
  2. wine
  3. spirits
131
Q
  • made by fermenting starchy cereal grains, especially barley, wheat, corn, or rice
A

Beer

132
Q

by far most common type of grain used in beer

A

barley

133
Q

sprouted, dried barley grains

A

malt

134
Q

sugar-rich liquid resulting from the mashing process of beer

A

wort

135
Q

fermented rice, usually called rice wine

A

sake

136
Q

fermented fruit juices that are rich in sugars

A

wine

137
Q

for white wines, the __ are removed, but it is mixed with red or rose wines

A

exocarps

138
Q

fermentation temperature for white wines

A

10 - 15°C

139
Q

fermentation temperature for red wines

A

25 - 30°C

140
Q

are made by adding sugar to a bottle of wine that sill has a few live yeast cells in it

A
  • champagnes
  • sparkling wines
141
Q

extra ethanol is added to wine

A

fortified wine

142
Q

alcoholic beverages with an ethanol content above 20%

A

spirits

143
Q

distillation of gran-based fermentations produces

A
  • whiskeys
  • vodka
  • gin
144
Q

results from distillation of grape wine

A

brandy

145
Q

distillation of fermented molasses

A

rum

146
Q

distilled from fermented juices of agave plants

A
  • tequila
  • mescal
147
Q

fermentation of plant material always produces __ __

A

ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

148
Q

Too much ethanol will disrupt the __ in the cell membrane

A

lipids

149
Q
  • very toxic by itself
  • our livers convert it into an even more poisonous substance
A

methyl alcohol

150
Q

our livers convert methyl alcohol into

A
  • formaldehyde
  • formic acid

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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