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z - General Botany > Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems > Flashcards

Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems Flashcards

1
Q

Two main divisions of plants

A
  1. Vascular
  2. Non-vascular
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2
Q

plants with vascular tissues, particularly xylem and phloem for conducting water and integrating food

A

vascular plants (tracheophytes)

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3
Q

lac specialized vascular system for transporting water and nutrients

A

non-vascular plants (mosses sensu lato)

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4
Q

Two divisions of vascular plants

A
  1. Seed plants (Spermatophytes)
  2. Pteridophytes (Ferns sensu lato)
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5
Q

Two types of seed plants

A
  1. Gymnosperms
  2. Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)
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6
Q

flowering plants and have seeds enclosed within their fruit

A

angiosperms

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7
Q

have no flower or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves

A

gymnosperm

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8
Q

gymnosperm seeds are configured as __

A

cones

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9
Q

Characteristics of non-vascular plants

A
  • can be found in walls
  • do not increase in size
  • may spread
  • get their nutrients through diffusion
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10
Q

vascular plants that disperses spores

A

Pteridophyte

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11
Q
  • cells that divide for life of plant
  • can give rise to all plant structures
A

Meristems

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12
Q
  • epidermal hair
  • a major function of it is to be in plant defense
A

trichome

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13
Q

single cotyledon

A

Monocots

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14
Q

two cotyledon

A

Dicots

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15
Q

narrow long leaf, parallel veins

A

Monocots

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16
Q

flower parts in multiples of three

A

Monocots

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17
Q

fibrous roots

A

Monocots

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18
Q

broad leaf, network of veins

A

Dicots

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19
Q

ring of vascular bundles

A

Dicots

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20
Q

has main roots, extensions of roots

A

Dicots

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21
Q

Two (2) types of Plant Body

A
  1. Primary Plant Body
  2. Secondary Plant Body
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22
Q

derived from shoot and root apical meristems

A

Primary Plant Body

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23
Q

composed of primary issues

A

Primary Plant Body

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24
Q

constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant

A

Primary Plant Body

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25
Q

derived from meristems other than apical meristems

A

Secondary Plant Body

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26
Q

composed of secondary tissues

A

Secondary Plant Body

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27
Q

What are the secondary tissues?

A

wood, bark

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28
Q

Where can the primary tissues be found in woody plants?

A

Shoot, root

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29
Q
  • region of cells capable of division and growth in the root and shoot tips in plants
  • increase in height
A

Apical Meristems

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30
Q
  • found in plants that exhibit secondary growth
  • give rise to secondary tissues
  • cylinders within the plant body
A

Lateral meristem

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31
Q

Two (2) types of Lateral meristem

A
  1. Cork Cambium
  2. Vascular Cambium
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32
Q
  • produces the cork and the secondary cortex
  • develops from the secondary lateral meristem
A

Cork cambium

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33
Q
  • produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
  • develops from the apical meristem
A

Vascular cambium

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34
Q

Three (3) Basic Types of Plant Cells and Tissues

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
35
Q

thin, primary walls

A

Parenchyma

36
Q

typically alive at maturity

A

Parenchyma and Collenchyma

37
Q

has many functions

A

Parenchyma

38
Q

unevenly thicken primary walls

A

Collenchyma

39
Q

provide plastic support

A

Collenchyma

40
Q

not abundant

A

Collenchyma

41
Q

primary walls plus secondary walls

A

Sclerenchyma

42
Q

many dead at maturity

A

Sclerenchyma

43
Q

provide elastic support and some (tracheary elements) are involved in water transport

A

Sclerenchyma

44
Q

Three (3) types of parenchyma

A
  1. Chlorenchyma
  2. Glandular cells
  3. Transfer cells
45
Q
  • cells that are capable of performing photosynthesis
  • many guard cells
A

Chlorenchyma

46
Q

capable of producing nectar and resin

A

Glandular cells

47
Q
  • specialized parenchyma cells
  • facilitate the transport of sugars from a sugar source, mainly mature leaves, to a sugar sink, often developing leaves or fruits
A

Transfer cells

48
Q
  • typically found at elongating shoot tips
  • absent in developing roots
A

Collenchyma

49
Q
  • mature cells
  • undergo lignification
A

Sclerenchyma

50
Q

enhance plant cell wall rigidity, hydrophobic properties and promotes minerals transport through the vascular bundles in plant

A

Lignin

51
Q

Two (2) types of Sclerenchyma

A
  1. Mechanical (non-conducting) sclerenchyma
  2. Conducting sclerenchyma
52
Q
  • typically cuboidal
  • sclereids
  • fibers
A

Mechanical (non-conducting) sclerenchyma

53
Q
  • more or less isodiametric
  • often dead at maturity
A

Sclereids

54
Q
  • long
  • many types are dead, other types remain alive and involved in storage
A

Fibers

55
Q
  • transport of materials (minerals)
  • Tracheids
  • Vessel Elements
A

Conducting sclerenchyma (tracheary elements)

56
Q
  • long and narrow with tapered ends
  • contain no perforations
  • dead at maturity
  • found in all vascular plants
A

Tracheids

57
Q
  • short and wide with rather perpendicular end walls
  • must contain one or two perforations
  • dead at maturity
  • found in almost exclusively in flowering plants
A

Vessel Elements

58
Q

Location of Parenchyma

A

stem, root, leaves, flowers, fruits widely distributed

59
Q

Location of Collenchyma

A

below the epidermis

60
Q

Location of Sclerenchyma

A

outermost boundaries of plant parts, cortex, pith, hard seeds etc.

61
Q

Function of Parenchyma

A
  • stores and assimilates food
  • provides mechanical support (turgidity)
  • store waste products like tannin, gum, resins, etc.
62
Q

Function of Collenchyma

A
  • provides mechanical support and elasticity
  • manufacture sugar and starch
63
Q

Function of Sclerenchyma

A

provides mechanical support

64
Q

bud located at the apex of the stem where most of the plant growth occurs

A

Terminal Bud

65
Q

sprout that develops in the axil of a plant, which is the angle formed by the upper side of the stem and an outgrowing leaf or a branch

A

Axillary Bud

66
Q

location on a stem where the leaves or branches are attached

A

Node

67
Q

interval or part between two nodes of a stem

A

Internode

68
Q

acute angle between a vine shoot and a leaf stem or petiole extending from the shoot

A

Leaf axil

69
Q

Mark left by a leaf after it falls off the twig

A

Leaf scar

70
Q

how leaves are arranged on the stem

A

Phyllotaxy

71
Q

Five (5) arrangements of phyllotaxy

A
  1. Alternate
  2. Opposite
  3. Decussate
  4. Whorled
  5. Spiral
72
Q

stem + leaves, flowers or buds that may be present

A

Shoot

73
Q

a slender whiplike or threadlike strand, produced usually from the node of a stem, by which a vine or other plant may climb

A

Stem tendrils

74
Q

slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes

A

Runner

75
Q

fleshy underground stems

A

Rhizomes

76
Q

Example of a rhizome

A

ginger

77
Q
  • modified stem that is the resting stage of certain seed plant
  • consists of a relatively large, usually globe-shaped, underground bud with membranous or fleshy overlapping leaves arising from a short stem
A

bulb

78
Q

flattened stem

A

Cladophyll

79
Q

enlarged underground stems that store nutrients, surrounded by papery outer layers

A

Corm

80
Q

underground stem in which the stem tissue serves as the primary storage tissue, but has no basal plate

A

Tuber

81
Q

Arrangement of primary tissues

A

function is related to tis structure

82
Q

In order to function properly, a tissue must _____. In order to function properly, the tissues of an organ must _____.

A
  • Must contain the right cells in the proper arrangement.
  • must be arranged correctly
83
Q

microscopic pores on the lower epidermis of the leaf

A

stomata

84
Q

pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores

A

Guard cells

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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