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z - General Botany > Transport Process > Flashcards

Transport Process Flashcards

1
Q

Plant Basic Types of Transport

A
  1. Short-distance transport
  2. Long-distance transport
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2
Q
  • transfer basic nutrient, cells that have them to cells that need them
  • it is necessary to survival of internal plants.
A

short-distance transport

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3
Q
  • transport between nonadjacent cell
  • absolutely not essential in construction of large plants
  • it is adaptive especially for land plants
A

long-distance transport

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4
Q
  • makes selectively advantageous for shoot to grow upward
  • mechanism by which nutrients are channeled to specific sites.
A

vascular tissue

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5
Q

this is related to transport processes that inhibit movement of substances

A

isolation mechanism

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6
Q

Three (3) types of membrane

A
  1. Free permeable membrane
  2. Completely permeable membrane
  3. Differentially/ Selective permeable membrane
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7
Q

Allows all solutes to diffuse through and have little biological significance

A

free permeable membrane

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8
Q

does not allow anything to pass through and occur as isolation barrier

A

completely impermeable membrane

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9
Q

allow only certain substance to pass through

A

differentially/ selective permeable membrane

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10
Q

all __ __ cell membranes are differentially permeable

A

lipid/protein

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11
Q
  • Simplest Method movement of particles in solution
  • High concentration to Low concentration
A

diffusion

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12
Q
  • Diffusion of water through membrane.
A

osmosis

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13
Q

allows the water molecule movement to rapidly move

A

aquaporins

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14
Q

uses membrane bound molecule called MOLECULAR PUMPS that use energy of ATP to force molecule across the membrane

A

active transport

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15
Q

what is used in active transport

A

molecular pumps

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16
Q

is a free energy, has capacity to do work

A

water

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17
Q

capacity to do works for chemicals

A

chemical potential

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18
Q

When water adheres to substance, water molecules form __ __ to the material and are not as free to diffuse; capacity to work is __

A
  • hydrogen bonds
  • decreased
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19
Q

is the water’s chemical potential

A

water potential

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20
Q

water potential can be increased by;

A
  • heat
  • pressure
  • elevation
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21
Q

three components of water potential

A
  • osmotic potential
  • pressure potential
  • matric potential
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22
Q

ψπ

A

osmotic potential

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23
Q

ψp

A

pressure potential

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24
Q

ψm

A

matric potential

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25
Q

ψ

A

water potential

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26
Q

effect that pressure has on water potential

A

pressure potential

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27
Q

effect that solutes have on water potential

A

osmotic potential

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28
Q

water’s adhesion to non-dissolved structures such as cell walls, membranes, and soil particles

A

matric potential

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29
Q

ψ = ?
(formula)

A

ψπ + ψp + ψm

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30
Q

ψπ:
__ for pure water, __ for all solutions

A
  • 0.0
  • negative
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31
Q

ψp:
can be either __ or __

A
  • positive
  • negative
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32
Q

ψm:
always __ and usually insignificant except for relatively __ materials

A
  • negative
  • dry
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33
Q

ψ:
for living cells, always __ or __

A
  • 0.0
  • negative
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34
Q

movement of water is related to __ __

A

water potential

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35
Q

water moves from regions where water potential is relatively __ to regions where water potential is relatively more __

A

from positive to negative

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36
Q

Water moves whenever there is a __ in water potential within the mass of water

A

difference

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37
Q

If the water potentials of two regions are equal, the regions are in __

A

equilibrium

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38
Q

Water potentials must always be considered in __ _ __

A

pair or groups

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39
Q

water can move between regions in the plant if the water potentials of the regions are __ __

A

not equal

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40
Q

Knowing one single water potential __ __ __ us to predict whether water will move

A

does not allow

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41
Q

To transport various materials such as water, sugars, minerals, and hormones, most plant cells communicate with their __ __

A

neighboring cells

42
Q

short-distance intercellular transport cells

A
  • guard cells
  • motor cells
  • transfer cells
43
Q

fine cytoplasmic channel that pass through primary cell walls which interconnects living cells

A

Plasmodesmata

44
Q

One continuous mass of all the protoplasm of one plant

A

symplast

45
Q

other ways of material transport across the plasma membrane

A
  • osmosis
  • molecular pumps between plasma membrane
  • fusion between transport vesicle and plasma membrane
46
Q
  • refers to both the wall and intercellular spaces wherein most molecules can move through easily
  • large, mostly intercellular space where molecules usually move towards the surface of the glands
  • mostly cell walls among the nonglandular regions.
A

apoplast

47
Q

are pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores

A

guard cells

48
Q

At night: Guard Cells are __ and have __ __ __. Guard cells and adjacent cells are in __ __

A
  • shrunken
  • little internal pressure
  • hydraulic equilibrium
49
Q

At sunrise: __ is pumped into guard cells, raising __ __

A
  • potassium
  • solute concentration
50
Q

At morning: Osmotic potential and water potential become __ __, and water flows in, causing guard cells to __ _ __ the pore

A
  • more negative
  • swell and open
51
Q

At morning : As pressure builds, pressure potential __, counteracting the falling __ __

A
  • rises
  • osmotic potential
52
Q
  • Bulliform cells
  • large colorless cells that are present close to the mid-rib in the upper surface of many monocot leaves
A

motor cells

53
Q

motor cell are also known as

A

Bulliform cells

54
Q
  • assist in the rolling of leaves to avoid water loss through transpiration
  • govern the process of transpiration
  • unfold the leaves when the conditions are right
A

bulliform cells or motor cells

55
Q

move slowly and reorient themselves

A

sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica)

56
Q

leaf can close rapidly, in less than a second

A

venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)

57
Q

sensitive plant

A

Mimosa pudica

58
Q

venus flytrap

A

Dioinaea muscipula

59
Q

Motor cells are similar to guard cells because they accumulate or expel __ and adjust their water __ and __

A
  • potassium
  • potential and turgidity
60
Q
  • involved in delivery of nutrients between generations and in the development of reproductive organs
  • facilitate the exchange of nutrients that characterize symbiotic associations
  • occur across all taxonomic groups in higher plants and also in algae and fungi.
A

Transfer cells

61
Q

The rate at which the materials can be transported depends on the __ __ present

A

molecular pumps

62
Q

The __ the membrane, the __ molecular pumps it can hold

A
  • larger
  • more
63
Q

Specialized transfer cells:
WALLS
- __ on the outer surface
- __ and __ on the inner surface

A
  • smooth on outer
  • finger-like and ridge-like on inner
64
Q

Specialized transfer cells:
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- __ __ against all of the convolutions; has a larger surface area if the walls are __

A
  • pressed firmly
  • flat
65
Q

transfer cells with cell wall ingrowths

A

companion cells

66
Q

Transfer cells are found in:

A
  1. where rapid short distance occur
  2. glands secreting salts
  3. areas that pass nutrients to embryos
  4. where sugar is loaded in or out of phloem
67
Q

long distance transport

A
  • phloem
  • xylem
68
Q

locations from which nutrients and water are transported

A

Sources

69
Q

example of main sources

A

leaves

70
Q

diverse locations where phloem sap is transported

A

Sinks

71
Q

area of the plant where the substrate can be kept is referred to as the __

A

sink

72
Q

actual volume of sugars and other nutrients that phloem transports per hour, excluding water

A

mass transfer

73
Q

Mass transfer divided by the phloem’s cross-sectional area to get the

A

specific mass transfer

74
Q

__ __ __ of phloem, which are living cells, are used for long-distance transport

A

sieve tube cells

75
Q

used to load phloem because conducting-cell plasma membranes are permeable to monosaccharides and not to polysaccharides, but to disaccharides

A

polymer trap mechanism

76
Q

phloem sap is under pressure, there is a risk of __

A

bleeding

77
Q

Two mechanisms that seal broken sieve elements

A
  1. P-protein
  2. Callose
78
Q

congeals into a tangled mess in the direction of the break

A

p-protein

79
Q

formed when p-protein is congealed

A

p-protein plug

80
Q

serves as a temporary cell wall in response to stress or damage

A

callose

81
Q

type of tissue in vascular plants that transports water and some nutrients from the roots to the leaves

A

Xylem

82
Q

long cells that help transport xylem sap and also provide structural support

A

Tracheids

83
Q

shorter than tracheids, but also help conduct water

A

Vessel Element

84
Q

connects each vessel element to form one continuous vessel

A

Perforation plate

85
Q

a tissue that makes up most of the soft parts of the plans, and long fibers that helps support the pant.

A

Parenchyma Cell

86
Q

Water is an essential nutrient for plants and comprises up to __ of plant’s tissue

A

95%

87
Q

Properties of water

A
  • adhesive
  • cohesive
88
Q

water molecules stick to other substances

A

adhesive

89
Q

water molecules strongly bind to each other

A

cohesive

90
Q
  • The most widely accepted model of how water is transported through xylem
  • essentially combines the process of capillary action with transpiration, or the evaporation of water from the plant stomata
A

cohesion-tension hypothesis

91
Q

Three stages of cohesion-tension model

A
  1. transpiration
  2. tension
  3. cohesion
92
Q
  • occurs because stomata are open to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis
  • deepens the meniscus of the water in the leaf, creating negative pressure (tension or action)
A

transpiration (evaporation)

93
Q
  • created by the transpiration “pulls” water in the plant xylem
  • drawing water upward in much the same way you draw water upward when you suck on a straw
A

tension

94
Q

water sticking to each other, causes more water molecules to fill the gap in the xylem as the top most water is pulled through stomata.

A

cohesion

95
Q

For every __ of height, leaf water potential must be at least __ __ __ than water potential.

A
  • 10 meters
  • 0.1MPa more negative
96
Q

plants where gravity assist water movement

A

pendent epiphytes

97
Q

loss of water vapors through stomata surrounded by specialized guard cells. 90% of total water loss from plants through transpiration process

A

stomatal transpiration

98
Q

Mechanism of stomatal transpiration

A
  1. osmotic diffusion
  2. opening and closing of stomata
  3. simple diffusion of water vapor
99
Q

primarily caused by a water deficit, such as a drought or high soil salinity

A

Water stress

100
Q

release of abscisic acid

A

leaves dehydration

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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