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z - General Botany > Structure of Woody Plants > Flashcards

Structure of Woody Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Growth

A
  • growth in length
  • production of leaves
  • production of branches
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2
Q

Secondary Growth

A

Growth in girth in:
- stems
- roots

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3
Q

Primary Tissues

A
  • epidermis
  • cortex
  • vascular bundles
  • pith
  • leaves
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4
Q

Secondary Tissues

A
  • wood
  • bark
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5
Q

wood

A

secondary xylem

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6
Q

bark

A

secondary phloem and cork

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7
Q

Important consequence of secondary growth and production of woody body in plants

A
  • stability
  • protection (herbivores and harsh environment)
  • longer lifespan
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8
Q

Disadvantage of secondary growth and production of woody body in plants

A
  • utilize more energy
  • increase in height (water and nutrient can’t be easily distributed)
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9
Q

How many times did the evolution of secondary growth happen in 420 million years of the existence of vascular plants

A

3 times

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10
Q

When did the evolution of secondary growth happen

A

370 million years ago

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11
Q

Where did the secondary growth evolve from

A

one group of ancestral woody vascular plants that include all seed plants

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12
Q

_____ is a new phenomenon within the flowering plants

A

herbaceousness

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13
Q

Presence of Secondary Growth in modern ferns

A

absent in all species

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14
Q

Presence of Secondary Growth in gymnosperms

A

present in all species

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15
Q

Presence of Secondary Growth in dicots

A

present in many species, but many other species are herbs

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16
Q

Presence of Secondary Growth in monocots

A

ordinary type is absent in all species, but some have anomalous secondary growth

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17
Q

Example of monocots with secondary growth

A
  • palm trees
  • yucca plant
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18
Q

Why can’t monocots have secondary growth

A

because of scattered vascular cambium

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19
Q

Two types of cells in vascular cambium

A
  1. fusiform initials
  2. ray initials
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20
Q

What makes up the vascular cambium

A
  • interfascicular cambium
  • fascicular cambium
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21
Q

A strip of cambium that originates from the procambiun is present between the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundle

A

fascicular cambium

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22
Q

The cambial layer formed between the two vascular bundles

A

interfascicular cambium

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23
Q

studies trees and shrubs in order to improve the health and safety of the individual plants

A

arborist

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24
Q

technique that kills woody plants in place without cutting them down

A

Girdling

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25
Q

Vascular cambium: After one year of growth

A

secondary xylem

26
Q

Vascular cambium:
After two years of growth

A

secondary phloem

27
Q

direction of secondary growth

A

outwards

28
Q

Secondary xylem

A

late wood + early wood

29
Q

Periderm

A

cork cambium + cork

30
Q

an undifferentiated meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants

A

apical meristem

31
Q

primary meristems

A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Ground meristem
  3. Procambium
32
Q

primary tissues

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Cortex
  3. Vascular cylinder
33
Q

apical meristem –> protoderm –> ___

A

epidermis

34
Q

apical meristem –> ground meristem –> ___

A

cortex

35
Q

apical meristem –> procambium –> ___

A

vascular cylinder

36
Q

What are included in the vascular cylinder

A
  1. Pericycle
  2. Undifferentiated procambium
  3. Primary phloem
  4. Primary xylem
37
Q

primary tissue of plant roots and is the site for the initiation of lateral roots and two secondary meristems

A

Pericycle

38
Q

Pericycle gives rise to

A
  • cork cambium
  • vascular cambium
39
Q

Undifferentiated procambium give rise to

A

vascular cambium

40
Q

cork cambium give rise to

A
  • cork
  • phelloderm
41
Q

cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm constitute the ___

A

periderm

42
Q

vascular cambium gives rise to

A
  • secondary phloem
  • secondary xylem
43
Q

Secondary tissues from pericycle and undifferentiated procambium

A
  • cork
  • phelloderm
  • secondary phloem
  • secondary xylem
44
Q

produce radial files of parenchyma cells known as xylem rays and phloem rays that transfer water and nutrients laterally within the woody stem and in the storage of starch and other reserves

A

ray initials

45
Q

elongated cells that form secondary xylem to the inside of the vascular cambium and secondary phloem to the outside

A

fusiform initials

46
Q

tracheids in gymnosperm and dicots

A

Gymnosperm: present

Dicots: present

47
Q

Vessels in gymnosperms and dicots

A

Gymnosperm: absent (except in 3 groups)

Dicots: present

48
Q

Fibers in gymnosperms and dicots

A

Gymnosperm: very rare

Dicots: present

49
Q

Parenchyma in gymnosperms and dicots

A

Gymnosperm: very rare

Dicots: present

50
Q

Ray parenchyma in gymnosperms and dicots

A

Gymnosperm: present

Dicots: present

51
Q

Ray tracheids in gymnosperm and dicots

A

Gymnosperm: present

Dicots: absent

52
Q

What are included in the axial system

A
  • tracheids
  • vessels
  • fibers
  • parenchyma
53
Q

the increment of wood added during a single growth period

A

growth ring

54
Q

The portion of the branches enclosed within the woods

A

encased knots

55
Q

At the very center and is the oldest part of the tree

A

pith

56
Q
  • dead, central wood of trees
  • cells usually contain tannins or other substances that make it dark in color and sometimes aromatic
A

heartwood

57
Q

the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue

A

sapwood

58
Q

one of many raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues

A

lenticel

59
Q

form a barrier to the apoplastic flux, forcing ions to pass through the selectively permeable plasma membrane into the cytoplasm, rather than move along the cell wall

A

Casparian strip

60
Q

what is the Casparian strip made out of

A

suberin

61
Q

exodermis are made out of

A

sclerenchyma

62
Q

cortex are made out of what cells

A

parenchyma cells

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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