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z - General Botany > Cell Structures > Flashcards

Cell Structures Flashcards

1
Q

cell shape of dividing shoot or root

A

cube

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2
Q

shape of epidermal cell of lily (Lilium)

A

flat, paving stone

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3
Q

shape of photosynthetic cell leaf of pear

A

short cylinder

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4
Q

shape of water-conducting vessel cell in oak

A

short cylinder

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5
Q

shape of fiber cell in hem

A

long cylinder

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6
Q
  • cell division
  • produce new protoplasm
A

cells of shoot/root tips

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7
Q
  • water retention
  • cutin and wax are barriers against fungi and insects
A

epidermis

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8
Q

protection: produce poisons that inhibit animals from harming plants

A

epidermal gland

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9
Q

collect solar energy by photosynthesis

A

green leaf cells

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10
Q

collect water and minerals

A

root epidermal cells

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11
Q

transport water, minerals, and organic molecules

A

vascular cells

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12
Q
  • petal cells
  • scent cells
  • nectar cells
  • stamen cells
  • carpel cells
  • fruit cells
A

flower cells

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13
Q

pigments that attract pollinators

A

petal cells

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14
Q

fragrances that attract pollinators

A

scent cells

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15
Q

sugars that attract pollinators

A

nectar cells

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16
Q

indirectly involved in producing sperm cells

A

stamen cells

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17
Q

indirectly involved in producing egg cells

A

carpel cells

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18
Q

produce sugars aromas, flavorful compounds that attract fruit-eating/seed-dispersing animals

A

fruit cells

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19
Q

describes the cell membrane as tapestry of several types of molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins) that are constantly moving

A

fluid mosaic model

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20
Q

separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

A

plasma membrane

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21
Q

contents of the plasma membrane

A

40% phospholipids
60% proteins
<8% carbohydrates

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22
Q

Properties of membrane

A
  1. Growth
  2. Permeability
  3. Dynamic
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23
Q

Transmembrane movement

A
  1. Exocytosis
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Impermeable membrane
  4. Freely permeable membrane
  5. Selectively permeable
  6. Facilitated diffusion
  7. Active transport
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24
Q

Composition of protoplasm

A

water, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

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25
Q

double-membraned organelle that contains the genetic material and other instruction required for cellular processes

A

Nucleus

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26
Q
  • membrane that covers the nucleus
  • double membrane with pores
A

nuclear envelope

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27
Q

DNA and proteins

A

chromatin

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28
Q

chromatin and ribosomal subunits

A

nucleolus

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29
Q

semifluid medium inside the nucleus

A

nucleoplasm

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30
Q

Plant Cell Wall Structure

A
  1. Middle Lamella
  2. Primary Cell Wall
  3. Plasma Membrane
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31
Q

a cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells

A

middle lamella

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32
Q

Difference between organelles in animal and plant cells

A

Centrioles (only in animal)
Chloroplasts (only in plant)

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33
Q

membranous sacs in the cells that store substances

A

Vacuoles (large)
Vesicles (small)

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34
Q

compartmentalized functions within the cell

A

organelles

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35
Q

Function of vacuoles and vesicles

A
  • regulation of protoplasmic calcium level
  • storage of metabolic waste
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36
Q
  • found in both plants and animals
  • bounded by a double membrane surrounding fluid-filled matrix
  • carry out numerous metabolic processes related with the generation of energy for cellular functions and the synthesis and degradation of several compounds
A

mitochondria

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37
Q
  • inner membranes of mitochondria
  • increase surface area
A

crista

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38
Q

contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates

A

matrix

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39
Q

house protein complexes that produce ATP

A

crista

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40
Q
  • group of dynamic organelles
  • able to perform many metabolic functions such as synthesis, storage, and export of specialized lipid molecules
  • bounded by two membrane enclosing a fluid
A

plastids

41
Q

storage of carbohydrates and iron

A

plastids

42
Q

Group of dynamic organelles that is responsible for formation of colors in flowers and fruits

A

plastids

43
Q

fluid-filled __ that contains enzymes

A

stroma

44
Q

houses chlorophyll

A

thylakoids

45
Q

absorbs solar energy

A

chlorophyll

46
Q

coin-shaped stack of thylakoids

A

granum

47
Q

comprised of photosynthetic proteins, starch grains, DNA, and ribosomes

A

stroma

48
Q
  • store starch
  • considered to be leucoplasts
A

amyoplasts

49
Q

carry out photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

50
Q
  • contain abundant colored lipids
  • found in flowers and fruits
A

chromoplasts

51
Q
  • specific stage in the transformation of proplastids to chloroplasts
  • occur when tissues are grown without light
A

etioplasts

52
Q
  • colorless plastids
  • synthesis lipids and other materials
A

leucoplasts

53
Q
  • small, undifferentiated plastids
A

proplastids

54
Q

pigment droplets in chromoplast

A

plastoglobuli

55
Q

where protein synthesis occurs

A

ribosomes

56
Q

composition of ribosomes

A

complex aggregates of 3 molecules of RNA and proteins

57
Q

Ribosomes can be found ____, ____, or ____

A

alone in the cytoplasm, in groups, or attached to the ER

58
Q

groups of ribosomes

A

polyribosomes

59
Q

where are ribosomes attached

A

endoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

The Endomembrane System

A
  1. Nuclear Envelope
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Vesicles
61
Q

system of membranous channels and saccules

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

62
Q
  • studded with ribosomes
  • site of protein synthesis and processing
A

Rough ER

63
Q
  • lacks ribosomes
  • site of synthesis of phospholipids
  • site of packaging proteins into vesicles
A

Smooth ER

64
Q
  • stack of curved saccules
  • receives protein
  • lipid-filled vesicles from the ER
A

Golgi apparatus

65
Q

other term for Golgi apparatus

A

dictyosomes

66
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do to the received lipid-filled vesicles

A

packages, processes, and distributes them within the cell

67
Q

organelle may also be involved in secretion

A

Golgi apparatus

68
Q

a flattened membrane vesicle found in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

A

cisterna

69
Q

where new cisternae are added

A

forming face

70
Q

cisternae are swollen and secretory vesicles are shed.

A

mature face

71
Q
  • numerous small spherical bodies
  • produces or uses the dangerous compound hydrogen peroxide
A

microbodies

72
Q
  • vesicles that contain enzymes involved in detoxifying certain by-products of photosynthesis
  • closely associated with chloroplast
A

peroxisomes

73
Q
  • involved in converting stored fats into sugars
  • important organelle during germination of fat-rich, oily seeds
A

glyoxysomes

74
Q
  • clear substance found in the cytoplasm
  • comprises of fluid and structured organelles
A

cytosol

75
Q

structureless fluid in the cytoplasm

A

hyaloplasm

76
Q

Subunits of the cell

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Protoplasm
    • nucleus
    • vacuole
    • cytoplasm
      • all remaining organelles
      • cytosol
77
Q

network of filaments and tubules that extends from the nucleus to the plasma membrane

A

cytoskeleton

78
Q

What are the functions of the three types of elements in the cytoskeleton

A
  • responsible for cell shape
  • movement within the cell
  • movement of the cell
79
Q

What are the three types of elements in the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
80
Q

small hollow cylinders made of globular protein

A

microtubules

81
Q

globular protein that makes microtubules

A

tubulin

82
Q
  • controls microtubule assembly
  • microtubule organizing center
A

centromere

83
Q

Function of microtubule

A
  • helps maintain cell shape
  • acts as tracks along which organelles can move
84
Q

ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides that support the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

A

intermediate filaments

85
Q

Function of intermediate filaments

A

provides scaffold to organize internal structure of cells

86
Q

occur in bundles or mesh-like networks

A

microfilaments

87
Q

What construct the microfilaments

A

bundle of actin filaments

88
Q

Role of actin filaments

A

structure and movement

89
Q

What drives cytoplasmic streaming

A

actin-myosin interactions

90
Q

ATP-dependent motor proteins that can generate force and displacement along microtubules

A

kinesin

91
Q
  • formed from inert secretion providing strength and protection to protoplasm inside
  • where considerable metabolism occurs
A

cell wall

92
Q

Cell wall is consist of __, __, and __

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin substance

93
Q

Difference between fungal and plant cells

A
  1. Fungal cells do not contain plastids of any type
  2. Fungal cell walls contain chitin, not cellulose
94
Q

cytoplasmic channel for intercellular communication

A

plasmodesmata

95
Q

form a barrier to the apoplastic flux, forcing ions to pass through the selectively permeable plasma membrane into the cytoplasm, rather than move along the cell wall

A

Casparian strip

96
Q

all protoplasm within a single plant

A

symplast

97
Q

intercellular space + cell wall

A

apoplast

98
Q

apoplast + symplast

A

entire plant

99
Q

the inner part of the plasma membrane, which plays a vital role in transporting or free movement of water and other low-molecular-weight solutes such as sugars, amino acids, and other ions in between cells

A

Symplast

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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