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z - General Botany > Flowers and Reproduction > Flashcards

Flowers and Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Advantage of sexual reproduction

A

produces genetic variation in the offspring

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2
Q

Parts of pistil

A
  • stigma
  • style
  • ovary
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3
Q

Parts of stamen

A
  • anther
  • filament
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4
Q

The stalk of a flower

A

Pedicel

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5
Q

stalk of the whole inflorescence

A

Peduncle

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6
Q

The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached.

A

Receptacle

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7
Q

The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud.

A

Sepal

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8
Q

The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored.

A

Petal

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9
Q

The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther.

A

Stamen

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10
Q

The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.

A

Anther

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11
Q

The ovule producing part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long style, topped by a stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed.

A

Pistil

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12
Q

The part of the pistil where pollen germinates.

A

Stigma

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13
Q

The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced.

A

Ovary

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14
Q

Pollen grains

A
  • microspore
  • microspore nucleus (haploid)
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15
Q

Ovule

A
  • megaspore
  • megaspore nucleus (haploid)
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16
Q

where does meiosis of microsporocyte happen

A

stamen

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17
Q

where does meiosis of megasporocyte happen

A

carpels

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18
Q

what is produced after the meiosis of microsporocytes

A

4 microspores

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19
Q

what is produced after the meiosis of megasporocytes

A
  • 1 megaspore
  • 3 small, dead cells
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20
Q

what is produced after the mitosis of the 4 microspores

A
  • vegetative cell
  • generative cell
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21
Q

what is formed after the growth of the vegetative cell

A

pollen tube

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22
Q

what is produced after mitosis of the generative cell

A

2 sperm cells

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23
Q

what is produced after the mitosis of the megaspore

A

8 nuclei in 1 cell

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24
Q

how many mitotic divisions does the megaspore undergo

A

3

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25
Q

8 nuclei in 1 cell

A
  • 3 antipodal cells (haploid)
  • 2 polar nuclei in central cell (each is haploid)
  • 2 synergid cells (haploid)
  • 1 egg cell (haploid)
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26
Q

egg apparatus

A
  • 2 synergid cells
  • 1 egg cell
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27
Q
  • an essential constituent of seeds in flowering plants
  • It originates from a fertilization event parallel to the fertilization that gives rise to the embryo
A

endosperm

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28
Q
  • seed leaf within the embryo of a seed
  • help supply the nutrition a plant embryo needs to germinate and become established as a photosynthetic organism and may themselves be a source of nutritional reserves or may aid the embryo in metabolizing nutrition stored elsewhere in the seed
A

Cotyledons

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29
Q

generates leaf, stem and floral structures throughout the plant’s lifetime

A

shoot apical meristem

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30
Q

the part of the stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons and directly above the root.

A

hypocotyl

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31
Q

the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root.

A

radicle

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32
Q

a terminally differentiated embryonic region that connects the embryo to surrounding tissues during early seed development

A

suspensor

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33
Q

where are seeds from?

A

ovule

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34
Q

where are fruits from?

A

ovary

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35
Q

seed

A
  • endosperm
  • embryo
  • seed coat
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36
Q

pericarp

A
  • endocarp
  • mesocarp
  • exocarp
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37
Q

Modifications in Flowers

A
  1. Complete flowers
  2. Incomplete flowers
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38
Q

have all four organs

A

complete flowers

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39
Q

lacks one or more of the four organs

A

incomplete flowers

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40
Q

what are the four organs of the flower

A
  1. sepals
  2. petals
  3. stamens
  4. pistils
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41
Q

example of complete flowers

A
  • morning glory
  • tiger lily
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42
Q

example of incomplete flowers

A
  • squash
  • corn
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43
Q

Modification in flowers (in terms of stamens and pistils)

A
  1. Perfect flowers
  2. Imperfect flowers
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44
Q

have both stamens and pistils

A

perfect flowers

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45
Q

either have a functioning stamen or pistil, but not both

A

imperfect flowers

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46
Q

example of perfect flowers

A

lily

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47
Q

example of imperfect flowers

A
  • cucumber
  • squash
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48
Q

Three ovary position

A
  1. hypogynous flower
  2. perigynous flower
  3. epigynous flower
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49
Q

flower with an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts

A

hypogynous flower

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50
Q

thalamus forms a cup-shaped structure around the ovary, and sepals, petals and stamens appear to be inserted on the rim of the cup

A

perigynous flowers

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51
Q

the ovary is inferior, and the petals, sepals, and stamens appear to arise from the top of the ovary

A

epigynous flowers

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52
Q

somatic helper tissue neighboring microsporocytes and supporting gametogenesis

A

tapetum

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53
Q

diploid cells capable of undergoing meiosis to form a tetrad (four joined cells) of haploid microspores.

A

microsporocytes

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54
Q

provides protection to the ovules that contain the egg — the female gametes

A

ovary wall

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55
Q

the surface of the carpel (highly modified leaf) to which the ovules (potential seeds) are attached.

A

placenta

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56
Q

organ that forms the seeds of flowering plants

A

ovule

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57
Q

stalk that attaches an ovule to the placenta

A

funiculus

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58
Q

the outer layer(s) of the ovule and develop into a seed coat as the ovule matures following fertilization

A

integuments

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59
Q
  • a small opening that is found in the ovule, just close to the hilum and is retained in the seed after fertilization
  • `seeds absorb water mainly through it when soaked
  • helps in respiration and in the exchange of gases
A

micropyle

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60
Q
  • the mass of parenchymatous tissue which is surrounded by the integumentary layers in an ovule
  • the central part of an ovule that encloses the embryo sac i.e., the female gametophyte
A

Nucellus

61
Q

A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores as part of megasporogenesis

A

megasporocyte

62
Q

Two basic arrangements of inflorescence

A
  1. determinate inflorescence
  2. indeterminate inflorescence
63
Q

a cluster of flowers on a branch or a system of branches

A

inflorescence

64
Q

the youngest flowers are at the top of an elongated axis or on the center of a truncated axis

A

indeterminate inflorescences

65
Q

example of indeterminate inflorescence

A

raceme

66
Q

the youngest flowers are at the bottom of an elongated axis or on the outside of a truncated axis

A

determinate inflorescences

67
Q

example of determinate inflorescence

A

cyme

68
Q

Flowers on a main stem; bottom florets open first

A

Spike

69
Q

Modified spike with flowers attached with tiny stems

A

Raceme

70
Q

A flower spike with repeated branching. It can be made up of corymbs, umbels, racemes, or spikes

A

Panicle

71
Q
  • many-flowered inflorescence with an indeterminate central axis and many opposite, lateral dichasia
  • mixed inflorescence, with determinate and indeterminate shoots.
A

Thyrse

72
Q
  • type of racemose inflorescence with indefinite growth of the main axis
  • main axis is unbranched and drooping
  • bears sessile flowers close to the peduncle in an acropetal manner.
A

Catkin

73
Q
  • type of simple racemose inflorescence
  • a modification of catkin in which the peduncle (primary stalk of the inflorescence) is thick and fleshy and is called spike
A

Spadix

74
Q

Small stems arranged along the main stem. Outer florets have longer stems than inner florets giving the display a “flat” top

A

Corymb

75
Q

Similar look as a corymb, however the small stems are attached to the main flower stem at a single point. The outer florets open first

A

Umbel

76
Q
  • A daisy-like flower composed of ray flowers around the edge and disc flowers in the center of the flat head
  • The disc flowers produce the seeds: sunflowers, asters
  • On some examples, the ray flowers and disc flowers look similar
A

Capitulum

77
Q

Types of raceme inflorescence

A
  • simple (alternate)
  • simple (opposite)
  • compound (double)
78
Q

Types of corymb inflorescence

A
  • simple
  • compound
79
Q

Types of umbel inflorescence

A
  • simple (round)
  • simple (flat)
  • compound (triple)
79
Q

a cyme with only a single lateral branch

A

monochasium

80
Q

helicoid cyme with branching on the same side often leading it to curl

A

bostryx

81
Q

scorpioid cyme with alternate branching in a spiral-like pattern

A

cincinnus

82
Q

scorpioid cyme with alternate branching in a zig-zag pattern

A

rhipidium

83
Q

a simple cyme in which the main axis divides into two lateral branches

A

dichasium

84
Q

a branched dichasium

A

compound dichasium

85
Q

a determinate thyrse

A

compound cyme

86
Q

assist with fertilization by being the location where pollen tubes travel to deliver sperm cells to the egg

A

style

87
Q
  • serves as a vehicle that delivers male gametes (sperm cells) to a female gametophyte during double fertilization, which eventually leads to the seed formation
  • one of the fastest elongating structures in plants.
A

Pollen tube

88
Q

an oval structure present in the ovule of flowering plants

A

embryo sac

89
Q
  • thickened part in the stem of the flower
  • also known as the receptacle or torus
  • located at the stalk of the flower and contains distinct nodes and internodes
  • supplies nutrients to the flower
A

Thalamus

90
Q

fruit wall

A

pericarp

91
Q

Types of fruit

A
  1. simple fruit
  2. aggregate fruit
  3. multiple fruit
92
Q

develops from one single ovary

A

simple fruit

93
Q

example of simple fruit

A
  • apple
  • peach
  • tomato
94
Q
  • fruit in which there is one flower, but many ovaries
  • carpels of flowers not fused, but grow together during fruit maturation
A

aggregate fruit

95
Q

example of aggregate fruit

A
  • blackberries
  • raspberries
96
Q
  • also called collective fruits
  • fruits that formed from more than one flower, which is commonly called inflorescence
A

Multiple fruits

97
Q

example of multiple fruit

A
  • pineapple
  • mulberry
98
Q

Three categories of fruits

A
  1. Fleshy fruits
  2. Dry fruits
  3. Compound fruits
99
Q

Fleshy fruits

A
  1. berry
  2. pome
  3. drupe
  4. pepo
  5. hesperidium
100
Q

a fleshy fruit in which all three layers- endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp- are soft

A

berry

101
Q

example of berries

A
  • grape
  • tomato
102
Q

similar to berry except that the endocarp is papery or leathery

A

pome

103
Q

example of pome

A

apple

104
Q

similar to a berry except that the endocarp is hard, sclerenchymatous

A

drupe

105
Q

example of drupes

A
  • peach
  • cherry
  • plum
  • apricot
106
Q
  • fleshy fruit in which the exocarp is a tough, hard rind
  • inner soft tissues may not be differentiated into two distinct layers
A

pepo

107
Q

example of pepo

A
  • pumpkin
  • squash
  • cantelope
108
Q

exocarp is leathery

A

hesperidium

109
Q

example of hesperidium

A

citrus fruits

110
Q

Dry fruits

A
  1. indehiscent fruits
  2. dehiscent fruits
111
Q

the pericarp splits open at maturity and releases the seeds

A

dehiscent fruits

112
Q

the pericarp remains intact when the fruit is shed from the plant

A

indehiscent fruits

113
Q

Indehiscent fruits

A
  1. Developing from a single carpel
  2. Developing from a compound gynoecium (compound pistil)
114
Q

Indehiscent fruits:
Developing from a single carpel

A
  1. caryopsis
  2. achene
  3. samara
115
Q
  • simple and small
  • containing only one seed
  • the testa (seed coat) becomes fused to the fruit wall during maturation
A

caryopsis

116
Q

example of caryopsis

A
  • wheat
  • corn
  • oats
117
Q
  • like a caryopsis, but the seed and fruit remain distinct
  • fruit wall is thin and papery
A

achene

118
Q

example of achene

A

sunflowers

119
Q

one-seeded fruit with winglike outgrowths of the ovary wall

A

samara

120
Q

example of samara

A
  • maples
  • alder
  • ash
121
Q

Indehiscent fruits:
Developing from a compound gynoecium (compound pistil)

A

Nut

122
Q
  • although the gynoecium originally consists of several carpels and ovules, all but one ovule degenerate during development
  • pericarp is hard at maturity
A

nut

123
Q

example of nut

A

walnut

124
Q

Dehiscent fruits

A
  1. Developing from a single carpel
  2. Developing from a compound gynoecium
125
Q

Dehiscent fruits:
Developing from a single carpel

A
  1. Legume
  2. Follicle
126
Q

fruit breaks open along both sides

A

legume

127
Q

example of legumes

A
  • beans
  • peas
128
Q

fruit breaks open on only one side

A

follicle

129
Q

example of follicle

A
  • columbine
  • milkweeds
130
Q

Dehiscent fruits:
Developing from a compound gynoecium

A
  1. capsule
  2. schizocarp
131
Q

opens many ways

A

capsule

132
Q

capsule:
splitting along lines of fusion

A

hyperium

133
Q

capsule:
splitting between lines of fusion

A

iris

134
Q

capsule:
splitting into a top and bottom half

A

primrose

135
Q

capsule:
opening by small pores

A

poppy

136
Q

compound ovary breaks into individual carpels called mericarps

A

schizocarp

137
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
Animals

A

zoochory

138
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
attached to animal

A

epizoochory

139
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
eaten by animal

A

endozoochory

140
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
birds

A

ornithochory

141
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
mammals

A

mammaliochory

142
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
bats

A

chiropterochory

143
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
ants

A

myrmecochory

144
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
wind

A

anemochory

145
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
water

A

hydrochory

146
Q

Agents of Dispersal:
dispersed by the plant itself

A

autochory

147
Q

Compound fruits

A
  1. Aggregate fruits
  2. Multiple fruits

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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