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1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What the autonomic nervous system regulates

A

The function of our internal organs (e.g. the heart) + some of our skeletal muscles

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2
Q

The way in which the autonomic nervous system works (1 word)

A

Involuntarily

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3
Q

What controls the movement of muscles during exercise

A

The brain via nerves

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4
Q

Define the neuromuscular system

A

Where the nervous system + muscles work together to allow movement

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5
Q

When do changes in the neuromuscular occur

A

Before, during + after exercise

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6
Q

Why does the neuromuscular system change

A

To prepare the body for exercise + allow for the changing demands of different intensities of exercise

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7
Q

What are the sympathetic + parasympathetic nervous systems part of

A

Our peripheral nervous systems

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8
Q

The role of the sympathetic + parasympathetic nervous systems

A

To transmit info from the brain to parts of the body which must adjust what they’re doing to prepare for exercise

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9
Q

The effect of the sympathetic nervous system

A

To prepare/ fire up the body for exercise (the fight or flight response)

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10
Q

The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Relaxes the body + slows down high energy functions (rest + relax)

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11
Q

The 3 types of muscle fibre

A

Slow oxidative (type 1) /slow twitch, Fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a), Fast glycolytic (type 2b)

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12
Q

What 3 things determine the mix of the 3 different muscle fibres in our skeletal muscles

A

Genes, type of sport + function

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13
Q

How the proportion of muscle fibre types would vary for an endurance athlete

A

They would have a greater proportion of slow twitch (type 1) fibres in their leg muscles

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14
Q

How the proportion of muscle fibre types would vary for a sprinter

A

They would have a greater proportion of fast twitch (type 2) muscle fibres in their leg muscles

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15
Q

What types of muscle fibre will postural muscle fibres have a greater proportion of + why

A

Slow twitch fibres - due to them being involved in maintaining body position over a log period of time

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16
Q

11 characteristics used to distinguish types of muscle fibre

A

Contraction speed, motor neurone size, motor neurone conduction capacity, force produced, fatigability, mitochondrial density, myoglobin content, capillary density, aerobic density, anaerobic density + glycolytic enzyme activity

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17
Q

The contraction speed of Type 1 muscle fibres

A

Slow

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18
Q

The way in which slow twitch fibres produce most of their energy

A

Aerobically

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19
Q

What do the specific characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres allow them to do more effectively

A

Use oxygen more efficiently

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20
Q

The 4 structural characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres which allow them to work more effectively

A

High mitochondrial density, myoglobin content, capillary density and aerobic capacity

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21
Q

The 4 functional characteristics of type 2 muscle fibres (3 main ones)

A

Fast contraction speed (and motor neurone conduction capacity), High fatigability and force produced

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22
Q

The way in which type 2 muscle fibres produce most of their energy

A

Anaerobically

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23
Q

The main difference in functional characteristics between type 2a and 2b muscle fibres

A

Type 2a have higher fatigability

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24
Q

What are the functional characteristics of type 2a muscle fibres in relation to type 1 and 2b

A

They’re always in the middle

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25
Q

3 structural characteristics of type 2 muscle fibres which help them do their role more efficiently

A

High anaerobic capacity, Large motor neurone size, High glycolytic enzyme activity

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26
Q

What the characteristics of type 1 are always in relation to type 2 muscle fibres

A

They’re always opposite (high/low or large/small or fast/slow)

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27
Q

Functional characteristics of muscle fibres

A

Those to do with what the fibre does

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28
Q

Structural characteristics of muscle fibres

A

The make-up of the fibre

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29
Q

What is hypertrophy + what causes it

A

It’s where the muscle gets bigger + stronger due to training

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30
Q

The 2 components of the motor unit

A

A motor neurone + its muscle fibres

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31
Q

How muscle fibres are arranged into motor units

A

They’re grouped, The no. of types of muscle fibres which can be found in a single motor unit

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32
Q

The no. of types of muscle fibres which can be found in a single motor unit

A

1

33
Q

What do muscle fibres work with in order for contraction to occur

A

The nervous system

34
Q

The role of the motor neurone in muscle contraction

A

It transmits the electrical nerve impulse (the brain’s instructions) to the muscle fibre (from the nervous system/brain)

35
Q

What do motor neurones branch into

A

Neuromuscular junctions

36
Q

Neurones

A

Nerve cells

37
Q

Where are neuromuscular junctions found

A

On muscle fibres

38
Q

The 5 components involved in causing muscle contraction - in order

A

Muscle spindle, Sensory nerve, Spinal cord, Motor nerve, Muscle (fibres)

39
Q

The role of the muscle spindle in causing contraction

A

It senses the muscle-stretching + sends an impulse to the spinal cord

40
Q

How many units are found in a muscle + what are their sizes in relation to the others in the same muscle

A

There’s many motor units in each muscle which vary in size

41
Q

How the number of muscle fibres per motor unit varies for the size of muscle

A

Larger muscles have more fibres (100s) and smaller muscles only have a few fibres per motor unit

42
Q

What small muscles are used for

A

Fine motor control

43
Q

What large muscles are used for

A

Gross motor control

44
Q

The all or none law

A

Where the sequence of impulses delivered by the motor neurone has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract - if it’s not of sufficient intensity - none of them contract (motor units can’t partially contract)

45
Q

The threshold of a motor unit

A

The minimum amount of intensity required to cause contraction of an individual motor unit (varies per unit)

46
Q

The 2 types of motor unit

A

Fast twitch + slow twitch

47
Q

The type of motor unit which the brain will recruit for low intensity/endurance exercise

A

Slow twitch

48
Q

The type of motor unit the brain will recruit for activities requiring a greater force of contraction

A

Fast twitch

49
Q

The 2 ways to increase strength of muscle contraction

A

Wave + spatial summation

50
Q

The effect of increased freq. of stimuli on muscles

A

Increased muscle tension/force of contraction

51
Q

What is wave summation

A

Where there’s a high frequency of stimulation of a muscle due to repeated activation (lots of nerve impulses) of a motor neurone with no time to relax - causes build-up of calcium in muscle cells

52
Q

The type of contraction which wave summation results in + 3 of its features

A

Tetanic contraction, Smooth, sustained + forceful

53
Q

What is released each time a nerve impulse reaches a muscle cell

A

Calcium

54
Q

What must be present in order for muscles to contract

A

Calcium

55
Q

Spatial summation

A

The recruitment of additional/bigger/stronger motor units in a muscle which allow impulses to be received at the same time at different places on the neurone - add up to fire the neurone

56
Q

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)

A

A stretching technique to increase range of motion

57
Q

What is CRAC technique a type of

A

PNF technique

58
Q

What CRAC stands for

A

Contract (stimulates golgi tendon organs), Relax Antagonist (stimulates muscle spindles on a delay), Contact

59
Q

How many times is CRAC repeated

A

Until no more gains are possible

60
Q

How muscle action is controlled in order for movement in PNF to be effective

A

Using internal regulatory systems/proprioceptors (muscle spindles + golgi tendon organs)

61
Q

What are proprioceptors a type of

A

Sensory organ

62
Q

The role of proprioceptors

A

To inform the body of the extent of movement that’s taken place

63
Q

The 2 types of proprioceptors used in PNF

A

Golgi tendon organs + muscle spindles

64
Q

What are muscle spindles

A

V. sensitive proprioceptors

65
Q

Where muscle spindles are found

A

Between skeletal muscle fibres

66
Q

What muscle spindles are also known as

A

Stretch receptors

67
Q

The type of signals which muscle spindles provide to the central nervous system

A

Excitory signals

68
Q

The role of muscle spindles

A

To detect the extent + speed at which a muscle is being stretched

69
Q

What do muscle spindles produce

A

The stretch reflex

70
Q

What CNS stands for

A

The central nervous system

71
Q

What causes the stretch reflex

A

The CNS receives the impulse from the muscle spindles + sends an impulse back to the muscle telling it to contract

72
Q

The purpose of the stretch reflex

A

To prevent over stretching + injury

73
Q

The 3 components/fibres found in muscles (from inside t outside)

A

Intrafusal, sensory + extrafusal

74
Q

How the shape of the muscle spindle changes when it’s contracted

A

The extrafusal fibres + the intrafusal ‘rope’ of fibres gets thicker

75
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs found

A

Between the muscle fibre + tendon

76
Q

What do golgi tendon organs detect

A

Tension levels in muscles

77
Q

What the golgi tendon organs sense during PNF

A

Tension from the isometric muscle contraction

78
Q

How golgi tendon organs respond to muscle tension

A

Autogenic inhibition (they send inhibitory signals to the brain to allow the antagonist to (suddenly) relax + lengthen)

79
Q

How golgi tendons delay the stretch reflex to allow the antagonist to stretch further

A

Their inhibitory signals override the excitory signals from the muscle spindles

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