1.4 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Why joints are necessary
A
To join the skeleton together + allow muscles to lever bones to create movement
2
Q
The names of the sections of the vertebrae from top to bottom
A
Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum + the coccyx
3
Q
The name of the shoulder blades
A
Scapula
4
Q
The name of the collar bone
A
Clavicle
5
Q
The name of the skull
A
Cranium
6
Q
The larger bone in the leg below the knee
A
Tibia
7
Q
The smaller bone of the leg below the knee
A
Fibula
8
Q
The names of the bones of the hand starting with those of the wrist + moving further away
A
Carpals, metacarpals + phalanges
9
Q
The names of the bones of the feet starting with those of the ankles + moving further away
A
Talus, tarsals, metatarsals + phalanges
10
Q
The mandible
A
The jaw bone
11
Q
The ischium
A
The 2 curved bones at the bottom of the pelvis
12
Q
What is a joint
A
Where 2 or more bones meet
13
Q
How joints are classified
A
By how much movement they allow
14
Q
3 main types of joints
A
Fibrous/fixed joints, cartilaginous/slightly moveable joints + synovial/freely moveable joints
15
Q
Types of synovial joints
A
Ball and socket + hinge
16
Q
What type of joint is the ankle
A
A hinge joint
17
Q
What does articulating bones mean
A
The bones that meet + move at the joint
18
Q
The movement allowed by ball and socket joints
A
Movement in every direction
19
Q
The structure of a ball + socket joint
A
The round head of 1 bone fits into the cup-shaped capsule of the connecting bone
20
Q
The articulating bones of the hip
A
The femur + pelvis
21
Q
The articulating bones of the shoulder
A
The humerus + scapula
22
Q
The movement allowed at a hinge joint
A
Movement only in one direction
23
Q
What restricts the movement at hinge joints
A
The shape of the bones making up the joint
24
Q
The articulating bones of the ankle
A
The talus, tibia + fibula
25
The articulating bones of the elbow
The humerus, radius + ulna
26
The articulating bones of the knee
The femur + tibia
27
What are planes of movement
Imaginary lines running through the body which divide the body up into planes
28
What is the point in planes of movement
They help explain joint action
29
The 3 planes of the body
The sagittal, frontal + transverse plane
30
The sagittal plane
A vertical plane which divides the body into left + right halves
31
The frontal plane
A vertical plane which divides the body into front + back halves
32
The transverse plane
A horizontal plane which divides the body into upper + lower halves
33
How the idea of planes of movement helps explain joint action
When performing an activity, a body/body parts moves in 1 of the planes or in all 3 of them depending on the action being performed
34
An example of a movement which makes the performer move in all 3 planes
A full twisting somersault in gymnastics
35
Axes of movement
Imaginary axis running through the body about which rotation occurs - helps explain joint action
36
Transverse axis
A horizontal axis of movement that runs from side to side across the body
37
Sagittal axis
A horizontal axis of movement which runs from front to back
38
Longitudinal axis
A vertical axis of movement which runs from top to bottom
39
Types of joint movement which occur in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis
Flexion, extension, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion + hyper-extension
40
Types of joint movement which occur in a frontal plane about a sagittal axis
Abduction + adduction
41
Types of joint movement which occur in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis
Horizontal abduction + horizontal adduction
42
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint
43
Extension
Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
44
Plantar-flexion
Pointing the toes/pushing up onto your toes
45
Dorsi-flexion
Pulling the toes up to the shin
46
Hyper-extension
Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint beyond 180 degrees e.g. moving a leg behind its standing position = hyper-extension of the hip or moving your arm behind your body = hyper-extension of the shoulder
47
Flexion of the shoulder
Raising the arms forward
48
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
49
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body
50
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm backwards across the body to shoulder abduction
51
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm from your side forwards across the body at 90 degrees to a position of shoulder abduction
52
How muscles move bones when they contract
One end of the muscle is anchored in place + the other end pulls the bone causing movement
53
The anchor point of the bicep
On the scapula
54
The insertion point of the bicep
On the radius
55
Agonists
Muscles which are responsible for the movement that's occurring at that moment in time
56
Antagonists
Muscles which work in opposition to the agonist (the one that's relaxing + lengthening at that moment in time)
57
What do antagonists help to produce
Co-ordinated movements
58
What is the arrangement called when agonist + antagonist muscles work together in pairs
Antagonistic muscle action
59
The muscles at the front + on top of your shoulder
Deltoids
60
The outer muscles on the front of your upper thorax
Pectoralis major
61
The inner muscles on the front of your upper thorax
Pectoralis minor
62
The proper name for your biceps
Biceps brachii
63
The proper name for your triceps
Triceps brachii
64
The muscle in front front of the hip joint
Iliopsaos
65
The muscle down your inner thigh
Adductor longus
66
Where is the vastus medialis located
In the quadriceps, above the inside of your knee
67
Where is the vastus lateralis located
In the quadriceps, above the outside of your knee
68
Where is the rectus femoris located
On the right side of your inner thigh
69
The 2 muscles in your calf
Gastrocnemius + soleus
70
The main calf muscle
Gastrocnemius
71
Where is the tibialis anterior located
In your shin
72
Where is the latissimus dorsi located
Across your back
73
Where is the gluteus medius located
Above + inside your gluteus maximus
74
Where are the biceps femoris located
In the outside of your hamstrings
75
Where is the semitendinosus located
In the middle of your hamstrings
76
Where is the semimembranosus located
On the inside of your hamstrings
77
The agonist for elbow flexion
Biceps
78
The antagonist of elbow flexion
Triceps
79
The agonist of elbow extension
Triceps
80
The antagonist of elbow extension
Biceps
81
The agonist of ankle plantar-flexion
Gastrocnemius
82
The antagonists of ankle plantar-flexion
Tibialis anterior
83
The agonist of ankle dorsi-flexion
Tibialis anterior
84
The antagonist of ankle dorsi-flexion
Gastrocnemius
85
The antagonist of knee flexion
Quadriceps
86
The agonist of knee flexion
Hamstrings
87
The muscles of the quadriceps
Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius
88
Muscles of the hamstrings
Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
89
The agonist of knee extension
Quadriceps
90
The antagonist of knee extension
Hamstrings
91
The agonist of hip flexion
The iliopsaos (hip flexors)
92
The antagonists of hip flexion
Gluteals
93
The agonists of hip extension/hyper-extension
Gluteals
94
The antagonist of hip extension/hyper-extension
Hip flexors (iliopsaos)
95
The agonists of hip adduction
The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)
96
The antagonists of hip adduction
Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus
97
The agonists of hip abduction
Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus
98
The antagonists of hip abduction
The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)
99
The agonists of hip horizontal adduction
The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)
100
The antagonists of hip horizontal adduction
Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus
101
The agonists of hip horizontal abduction
Tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius + gluteus minimus
102
The antagonists of hip horizontal abduction
The adductors (adductors longus, magnus + brevis)
103
The agonist of shoulder flexion
Anterior deltoid
104
The antagonist of shoulder flexion
Latissimus dorsi
105
The agonist of shoulder extension/hyper-extension
Latissimus dorsi
106
The antagonist of shoulder extension/hyper-extension
Anterior deltoid
107
The agonist of shoulder horizontal abduction
Latissimus dorsi
108
The antagonists of shoulder horizontal abduction
Pectorals
109
The agonists of shoulder horizontal adduction
Pectorals
110
The antagonist of shoulder horizontal adduction
Latissimus dorsi
111
The agonists of shoulder adduction
Posterior deltoid + latissimus dorsi
112
The antagonists of shoulder adduction
Middle deltoid + supraspinatus
113
The agonists of shoulder abduction
Middle deltoid + supraspinatus
114
The antagonists of shoulder abduction
Posterior deltoid + latissimus dorsi
115
What determines the way in which a muscle contracts
The type of muscle action that's required
116
The 2 main types of muscle contraction
Isotonic + isometric
117
Isotonic contraction
When a muscle contracts to create movement
118
Isometric contraction
When a muscle contracts without resulting in movement
119
Type of isotonic contraction
Concentric + eccentric contraction
120
Concentric contraction
When the muscle shortens as the fibres contract (+ tension increases)
121
Eccentric contraction
When the fibres contract (+ tension increases) + the muscle lengthens
122
An example of concentric contraction
During the upward phase of an arm curl - the bicep contracts concentrically - it shortens - causes flexion of elbow
123
When eccentric contraction occurs
It acts as a brake in helping to control body movement during negative work
124
An example of eccentric contraction
When the quadriceps contract when landing from a standing jump - they perform -ve work - they support your body weight during landing - the quads can't relax as your body weight means they lengthen under tension
125
When isometric contraction occurs
When as muscle = acting as a fixator or against resistance
126
An example of isometric contraction
The crucifix position in gymnastics
127
How you can use a bicep curl to show all 3 types of contraction
The bicep concentrically contracts during the upward phase - causes elbow flexion, The bicep eccentrically contracts during the downward phase as it is lengthening but still under tension - not relaxing, When the weight is held still at a 90 degree angle - the bicep = contracting isometrically - as tension = occurring but there's no movement
