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pe > 5.1 and 5.2 > Flashcards

5.1 and 5.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define linear motion + give 2 track athletics examples

A

Motion in a straight or curved line, with all body parts moving the same distance, at the same speed in the same direction, e.g. 100m or 200 metres

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2
Q

The name of Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

A

The law of inertia

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3
Q

Define inertia

A

The resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion

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4
Q

Describe Newton’s 1st Law of motion

A

An (external) force is required to change the state of motion

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5
Q

What determines the inertia of an object

A

Its mass

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6
Q

The name of Newton’s 2nd law of motion

A

The law of acceleration

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7
Q

Describe Newton’s 2nd law of motion

A

The magnitude / size + direction of the force determines the magnitude and direction of the acceleration + the rate of acceleration is directly proportional to the size of the force causing the change

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8
Q

The equation used to calculate the size of a force

A

Force (N) = mass (KG) x acceleration (m/s^2), or F = ma

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9
Q

The name of Newton’s 3rd law of motion

A

The law of action / reaction

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10
Q

Describe Newton’s 3rd law of motion

A

For every action / force, there is an equal + opposite reaction / force

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11
Q

A ground reaction force (GRF)

A

The force exerted by the ground on the body in contact with it

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12
Q

Define a scalar quantity

A

When measurements are described in terms of just their size / magnitude (not direction)

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13
Q

2 examples of scalar quantities

A

Speed + distance

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14
Q

Define speed

A

The rate of change of position

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15
Q

The formula for calculating speed

A

Speed (m/s) = distance (m) / time (s)

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16
Q

Define distance

A

The length of a path that a body follows when moving from one position to another

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17
Q

What unit you should give the speed in if the question gives the distance in Km and the time in hours

A

Km/h

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18
Q

Where the line on your distance/time graph should finish for an out and back journey

A

At the bottom / x-axis

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19
Q

Define centre of mass

A

The point of balance/concentration of mass of a body

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20
Q

The effect that raising our arms has on the centre of mass of our body

A

It raises it

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21
Q

Where in the body the centre of mass of a person is normally when they’re standing

A

In the hip region

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22
Q

What characteristic of an individual determines their centre of mass

A

Gender

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23
Q

The difference between the location of the centre of mass in males and females + the reasons for this

A

It’s higher in males as they have more weight concentrated in their shoulders + upper body but women have more body weight concentrated around their hips

24
Q

4 mechanical principles which affect stability

A

Height of the centre of mass, Position of the line of gravity, Area of the support base, Mass of the performer

25
Q

The affect of lowering centre of mass on stability

A

It increases it

26
Q

The position of the line of gravity which makes objects most stable

A

When it’s central over the base of support

27
Q

The affect of increasing the area of the support base on the number of contact points + stability of an object

A

It increases the no. of contact points + increases stability

28
Q

The effect of increasing the mass of a performer on their stability + the reason for this

A

It increases stability due to increased inertia

29
Q

The 3 components which levers consist of

A

A fulcrum, resistance + effort

30
Q

A fulcrum

A

The point/pivot about which the lever rotates

31
Q

Define resistance (in terms of levers)

A

The weight to be moved (by the lever system)

32
Q

Define effort (in terms of levers)

A

The force applied by the user/muscle of the lever system

33
Q

What the skeleton forms (in terms of levers)

A

A system of levers

34
Q

The parts of our bodies which act as levers

A

Bones

35
Q

The parts of our bodies which act as fulcrums

A

Joints

36
Q

what provides the effort in the lever systems of our body

A

Muscles

37
Q

What forms the resistance in the lever systems of our bodies

A

The weight of the body part being moved (often against the force of gravity)

38
Q

The 3 types of levers

A

1st, 2nd 3rd class levers

39
Q

What the classification of levers depends on

A

The positions of the fulcrum, resistance + effort (in relation to each other)

40
Q

The structure of a first class lever and the direction in which effort acts

A

The fulcrum is located between the effort and the resistance with effort acting downwards

41
Q

How you draw a lever system

A

Like a see-saw with the fulcrum as a triangle ‘beneath the see-saw’

42
Q

An example of a first class lever in the body

A

From: The movement of the head and neck during flexion and extension, Extension of the elbow

43
Q

The direction in which effort acts for the 3 classifications of levers

A

Downwards for first class but upwards for 2nd and 3rd class levers

44
Q

The structure of a second class lever

A

The resistance lies between the fulcrum and the effort

45
Q

An example of a second class lever in the body

A

Plantarflexion of the ankle

46
Q

The structure of a 3rd class lever

A

The effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance

47
Q

An example of a 3rd class lever in the body

A

Hip/knee/elbow flexion

48
Q

How to remember what lies in the middle of the 3 lever classifications

A

FRE (123) (F = the fulcrum in the middle of 1st class levers, R = resistance in the middle of 2nd class levers, E = effort in the middle of 3rd class levers)

49
Q

What determines if a lever has mechanical advantage or mechanical disadvantage

A

The length of the force and resistance arms

50
Q

The force arm

A

The (shortest perpendicular) distance between the fulcrum and effort

51
Q

The resistance arm

A

The (shortest perpendicular) distance between the fulcrum and the resistance

52
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

When the force arm is longer than the resistance arm

53
Q

Mechanical disadvantage

A

When the resistance arm is longer than the force arm

54
Q

How mechanical disadvantage affects the load a lever system can move

A

It decreases it

55
Q

How mechanical disadvantage affects the speed at which a lever can move a load

A

It can do it faster

56
Q

How mechanical disadvantage affects the range of movement

A

It increases it

57
Q

How mechanical advantage affects the force required to move a load

A

It decreases it

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