Respiratory Anatomy 2 - Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

This component of respiratory system preps the air for gas exchange, helps with olfaction and resonance of sound

A

Upper respiratory system

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2
Q

What are the 3 main types of epithelium found in the upper respiratory system?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, olfactory epithelium, respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

What are the 5 key components of the lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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4
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the LRT?

A

1) gas exchange (conducts air to/from sites of gas exchange)
2) completes cleaning, warming, and humidifying of air
3) provides blood-air barrier and large SA for gas exchange

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5
Q

This allows the passage of air only. It lies anterior to the esophagus. (Main airway)

A

Larynx

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6
Q

What is the role of cartilage in the larynx?

A

It protects and maintains an open airway

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7
Q

This closes over the airway when swallowing.

A

Epiglottis

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8
Q

This is known as the ‘true’ vocal cord. The passing air causes vibrations which results in sound waves; it is used for normal phoation.

A

Vocal folds

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9
Q

These are known as the ‘false’ vocal cords. It is superior to the vocal folds and prevent foreign object entry into the glottis

A

Vestibular folds

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10
Q

This affects cartilage and muscle in the vocal folds which results in longer and thicker folds, and thus a deeper voice.

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

This can produce very deep sounds.

A

Vestibular folds

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12
Q

This maintains the patent airway (keeps it open and obstruction free). It is anterior to the esophagus and sits between the larynx and the primary bronchi

A

Trachea

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13
Q

What is the trachea made of? (2 components)

A

C-shaped cartilage rings, elastin fibres in lamina propria + submucosa

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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15
Q

This has structures known as cilia that move the debris to the pharynx to be swallowed and digested. Mucus and mucosal glands line the surface of the epithelium.

A

Mucociliary escalator

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16
Q

The ends of C-shaped cartilage rings are connected by a band of smooth muscle known as?

A

Trachealis

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17
Q

Why is the cartilage of the trachea C-shaped?

A

To allow the esophagus to expand and stretch.

Helps to keep airways open and allows trachealis muscle to contract (to generate a cough)

18
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A

Contracts and dilates (contracts to cough as well) but it helps the trachea to expand during swallowing, and constrict when not being used (to save space)

19
Q

This structure prevents food from entering the larynx (main airway)

A

Epiglottis

20
Q

What are the 2 folds of the larynx? What is their difference?

A

Vocal folds: passing air causes vibration (sound waves) ‘true’ vocal cords; used for normal phonation

Vestibular folds: prevent foreign object entry to the glottis; ‘false’ vocal cords; can produce deep sounds

21
Q

This is a part of the lungs where the bronchi and blood vessels enter.

A

Hilum

22
Q

How many lobes does the lungs have?

A

Right lung has 3 lobes
Left lung only has 2 lobes (because of the position of the heart)

23
Q

This is a dome-shaped structure that sits on top of the diaphragm.

A

Lungs

24
Q

The bronchial tree consists of what structures:

A

Trachea, primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi and terminal bronchioles

25
Q

How does the epithelium change throughout the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea - Respiratory epithelium
Primary bronchi - respiratory epithelium
Secondary and third bronchi - respiratory epithelium decrease in height - goblet cell numbers reduce
Bronchioles - cuboidal epithelium
Terminal bronchioles - no epithelium

Pattern: respiratory epithelium gets smaller, and the number of goblet cells decreases so less mucus is present as you go down the bronchial tree

26
Q

How does the structure of the cartilage change throughout the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea - C-shaped cartilage (to allow for constriction of dilation of trachea to accomodate food and also close when there’s no food present)

Primary bronchi - cartilage and smooth muscle rings are complete

Secondary and tertiary bronchi - cartilage plates

Bronchioles - no cartilage (only thick smooth muscle for bonchoconstriction and dilation)

Terminal bronchioles - no cartilage

Pattern: amount of cartilage decreases as you go down the bronchial tree. But amount of smooth muscle increases.

27
Q

Why is there no cartilage in the bronchioles?

A

Because there’s only smooth muscle to control bronchoconstriction/dilation

28
Q

These structures provide pulmonary lobules. This directs the air to the alveoli

A

Terminal bronchioles

29
Q

This zone is made of pulmonary lobules made of many alveoli (air sacs) arranged like bunches of grapes.

A

Respiratory zone

30
Q

Why are alveolar walls very thin? What kind of epithelium lines these walls?

A

Alveolar walls are lined with simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane.

  • it is thin to provide a greater surface area for gas exchange
31
Q

Approximately how much alveoli are in each lung?

A

150 million alveoli

32
Q

The external surface of alveoli is covered in a network of?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

33
Q

These are pocket-like structures covered by a dense capillary network meant for gas-exchange.

A

Alveoli

34
Q

This is the main type of epithelial cell found in the lungs/alveoli.

alveoli are found in the lungs

A

Pneumocytes

35
Q

This is a type of pneumocyte that forms the respiratory membrane/blood air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane. Important for gas exchange .

A

Type 1 squamous pneumocytes

36
Q

This is a type of pneumocyte scattered amongst Type 1 squamous pneumocytes. They secrete surfactants.

A

Type 2 cuboidal pneumocytes

37
Q

This is a complex lipoprotein (phospholipid) that reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid.

A

Surfactant

38
Q

This removes the debris that makes it into the alveoli.

A

Macrophages

39
Q

This connects the alveoli to the bronchial tree/bronchii.

A

Alviolar duct

40
Q

What structures form the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar cell layer, fused basement membranes of alveolar and capillary epithelium, capillary endothelium + type 1 epithelial cells

41
Q
A