Chapter 9 - Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Question 0

antimicrobial drug synthesized in a lab not a natural product

Answer 0

synthetic drug

Question 1

chemical agents are used to treat blank

Answer 1

disease

Question 2

a natural antimicrobial compound made by one organism which kills and or inhibits microbes

Answer 2

antibiotic

Question 3

a natural antibiotic that is modified in a lab

Answer 3

semi synthetic drugs

Question 4

the most blank antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents are the blank agents

Answer 4

efficacious, antimicrobial

Question 5

ability of drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while damaging host as little as possible

Answer 5

selective toxicity

Question 6

drug level required for clinical treatment

Answer 6

therapeutic dose

Question 7

drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient

Answer 7

toxic dose

Question 8

ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose

Answer 8

therapeutic index

Question 9

undesirable effects of drugs on host cells

Answer 9

side effects

Question 10

attack only a few different pathogens

Answer 10

narrow spectrum drugs

Question 11

attack many different pathogens

Answer 11

broad spectrum drugs

Question 12

lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogen

Answer 12

minimal inhibitory

Question 13

two groups of antibacterial drugs

Answer 13

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis inhibitors, metabolic antagonists of key metabolic pathways, nucleic acid synthesis inhibition

Question 14

these are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

Answer 14

penicillin

Question 15

penicillins prevent the synthesis of complete blank which leads to blank of the cell

Answer 15

cell walls, lysis

Question 16

structurally and functionally similar to penicillin

Answer 16

cephalosporins

Question 17

vancomycin and teicoplanin are blank antibiotics

Answer 17

glycopeptide

Question 18

glycopeptide antibiotics blank cell wall synthesis

Answer 18

inhibit

Question 19

these antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 19

aminoglycosides

Question 20

all have four ring structure which a variety of side chains are attached

Answer 20

tetracyclines

Question 21

this is broad spectrum and usually bacteriostatic and inhibits peptide chain elongation

Answer 21

macrolides

Question 22

antagonize or block nonfunctioning of metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting the use of metabolites by key enzymes

Answer 22

metabolic antagonists

Question 23

this is used for the synthesis of folic acid and made by many pathogens

Answer 23

paba

Question 24

synthetic antibacterial that also interferes with folic acid and is broad spectrum

Answer 24

trimethoprim

Question 25

synthetic drugs that inhibit bacterial dna gyrase and topoisomerase II and is broad spectrum

Answer 25

quinolones

Question 26

fewer effective agents because of similarity of eukaryotic fungal cells and human cells

Answer 26

antifungal drugs

Question 27

antifungal drugs are much less blank than other drugs

Answer 27

efficacious

Question 28

infections of epidermis

Answer 28

superficial mycoses

Question 29

mycoses disrupt blank and inhibit sterol synthesis

Answer 29

membrane permeability

Question 30

systemic mycoses are difficult to blank and can be blank

Answer 30

control, fatal

Question 31

antiviral drugs are not as blank as antibacterial drugs

Answer 31

efficacious

Question 32

there are not many natural blank drugs

Answer 32

antiviral

Question 33

viruses blank very quickly

Answer 33

mutate

Question 34

know antibacterial drugs only

Answer 34

okay

Question 35

development of resistance to a drug or drugs in a previously susceptible population

Answer 35

acquired drug resistance

Question 36

resistance mutants arise blank and then are selected for

Answer 36

spontaneously

Question 37

a MRSA is a staph aureus that developed resistance to blank

Answer 37

vancomycin

Question 38

pump drug out of cell method of resistance to antibiotic

Answer 38

drug efflux

Question 39

two mechanisms of drug resistnace

Answer 39

modification of target enzyme, inactivation of drug, drug efflux, prevent drug entrance

Question 40

resistance genes that exist in nature to protect antibiotic producing microbes from their own antibiotics

Answer 40

immunity genes

Question 41

transferred immunity genes from antibiotic producers to non producing microbes

Answer 41

horizontal gene transfer

Question 42

resistance genes can be found on blank

Answer 42

bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, transposons, integrons

Question 43

resistance genes can be spread blank

Answer 43

horizontally

Question 44

resistance results from rare spontaneous mutations which usually result in a change in the drug target

Answer 44

chromosomal genes

Question 45

resistance plasmids that can be transferred via conjugation

Answer 45

r plasmids

Question 46

these contain genes for antibiotic resistance - some have multiple resistance genes

Answer 46

composite transposons