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Microbiology > Cell Chemistry > Flashcards

Cell Chemistry Flashcards

(124 cards)

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0
Q

hold atoms in the same molecule together type of bond

A

intramolecular bonds

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1
Q

electrostatic forces occurring between positively charged and negatively charged electrons of another atom that hold these atoms together in a molecule

A

chemical bonds

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2
Q

ionic, covalent, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonds are blank bonds

A

intramolecular

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3
Q

chemical bond that form between two different molecules

A

intermolecular bonds

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4
Q

hydrogen, hydrophobic, electrostatic forces, van der waals forces can all be blank bonds

A

intermolecular bonds

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5
Q

bond formed between cation and anion

A

ionic bonds

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6
Q

strong bond between chemical elements where electrons are shared to fill valence shell

A

covalent bond

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7
Q

blank covalent bonds allow rotation

A

single

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8
Q

the force of attraction of a nucleus on the electrons moving around it

A

electronegativity

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9
Q

electrons are shared equally and there is no polarity; occurs between atoms of similar or identical electronegativity

A

non polar

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10
Q

electrons are shared unequally between two atoms so there is a negative and positive pole

A

polar

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11
Q

in cells, molecules are in water which is a blank solvent

A

polar

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12
Q

polarity promotes the blank of large molecules through hydrogen bonding

A

stability

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13
Q

polarity of water makes it blank

A

cohesive

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14
Q

ionic compound is blank

A

hydrophilic

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15
Q

polar molecules are generally blank

A

hydrophilic

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16
Q

nonpolar molecules are blank

A

hydrophobic

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17
Q

molecule that is composed of part hydrophilic and part hydrophobic regions; one part soluble one part not

A

amphipathic

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18
Q

solute and solvent make this up

A

solution

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19
Q

small molecules that are the building blocks of larger ones

A

monomers

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20
Q

large molecules

A

macromolecules

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21
Q

larger molecules composed of covalently bonded similar or identical monomers

A

polymers

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22
Q

weak bond that forms due to electrostatic interactions between hydrogen atoms with a positive polarity and more electron attracting atom with a negative polarity

A

hydrogen bond

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23
Q

weak bonds that occur when nonpolar molecules or nonpolar regions of molecules associate tightly in a polar solven; non polar molecues disrupt hydrogen bonding among water molecules so they are squeezed or pushed together by water molecules to minimum their volume

A

hydrophobic interactions

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24
hydrophobic interactions play important roles in blank and blank and blank
enzymes binding substrates, protein conformation, stabilization of RNA
25
weak attractive forces that occur between atoms when they become very close
van der waals forces
26
van der waals forces occur due to blank polarites in atoms and molecules
temporary
27
van der waals forces play an important role in blank
enzyme binding substrate
28
carbon is a major component of blank macromelucules
all
29
functional group that can act as an acid and make molecule more polar
carboxyl group
30
functional group that makes molecule an alcohol, makes molecule more polar
hydroxyl group
31
makes molecule and organic base and makes molecule more polar functional group
amino group
32
triglycerides are an example of a blank
ester
33
fatty acids, lipids, and proteins have this functional group
carboxyl
34
lipids and carbohydrates have this functional group
alcohol
35
nucleic acids have this functional group
phosphate etherc
36
certain types of lipids have this functional group
ether
37
most abundant element
oxygen
38
protein and RNA make up the most of a blank cell besides blank
prokaryotic, water
39
water is about blank percent of cells
90-92
40
molecule that can form hydrogen bonds and other bonds
polar
41
water has a high blank
specific heat
42
water is a good solvent for blank and blank molecules
polar, ionic
43
two key features of water
polarity, cohesiveness
44
water molecules have high affinity for one another and form blank arrangements
ordered
45
salts blank in water into their respective ions
dissociate
46
proton donors; increase concentration of H+ ions
acids
47
proton acceptors; decrease the conc of H+ ions in a solution
bases
48
compounds that resist changes in pH by sometimes behaving like an acid, and sometimes like a base
buffer
49
polymers of amino acids, found throughout cell, and have important structural and enyzmatic roles
proteins
50
non polar macromolecules that are hydrophobic
lipids
51
polymers of sugar units macromolecule
carbohydrates
52
organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen at a ratio of 1:2:1; polar, and hydrophilic
monosaccharides/disaccharides
53
sugars that are structural of backbones of nucleic acids
pentoses
54
glucose is a blank carbon molecule called blank
six, hexoses
55
glucose comes from blank
cell walls
56
fructose comes from blank and is a blank sugar
fruit, hexose
57
sugar monomeric constituents of cell wall polymers and energy reserves
hexoses
58
carbohydrates containing many monomeric units connected by glycosidic bonds
polysaccharides
59
covalent bonds linking sugars together in a polysaccharide
glycosidic bonds
60
carbs containing two monosaccharides
disaccharides
61
two types of glycosidic bonds
alpha, beta
62
orientation of glycosidic bond that cross rings structure
beta
63
polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined to each other by alpha glycosidic bonds (tend to be hydrophobic) and stores energy
starch
64
composed of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic bonds
structural polysaccharide
65
function of structural polysaccharide is for structural blank of blank
strength, cell walls
66
glycogen and starch have blank glycosidic bonds
alpha
67
cellulose has blank glycosidic bonds
beta
68
polysaccharides + proteins
glycoproteins
69
polysaccharides + lipids
glycolipids
70
simple fats, oils, sterols, phospholipids
lipids
71
lipids are are blank and blank
non polar, hydrophobic
72
fatty acids are major constituents of blank lipids
biological
73
lipids are composed of C, H, O but not in blank ratio
1:2:1
74
simple lipids are also called blank
triglycerides
75
three fatty acids bonded to the C3 alcohol glycerol; for energy storage
simple lipids
76
no double bonds between Cs in blank fatty acids
saturated
77
double bonds between fatty acids in blank
unsaturated
78
a phospholipid is an example of a blank lipid
complex
79
sterols are always in blank cell membranes
eukaryotes
80
only a few blank have sterols in cell membranes
prokaryotes
81
hopanoids are in most blank but none in blank
prokaryotes, eukaryotes
82
sterols and hopanoids monitor blank of cell membrane
fluidity
83
polymer of nucleotides
nucleic acid
84
polymer of deoxyribonucleotides
DNA
85
polymer of ribonucleotides and plays a role in protein synthesis in cells
RNA
86
nucleotides are composed of these three things
1. pentose sugar (RNA or DNA) 2. Nitrogen base 3. phosphate
87
nitrogen base bonded to its pentose sugar
nucleoside
88
nitrogen base attached to pentose sugar by N glycosidic linkage and bonded to phosphate
nucleotide
89
nucleic acids are key forms of blank energy (blank)
chemical, ATP
90
Two types of nitrogen bases
pyramidine bases, purine bases
91
adenine and guanine and has two rings bases
purine
92
bases with one ring, cytosine, thymine, and uracil
pyramidine
93
phosphate linkage that connects two sugars by an ester bond, every nucleotide joined to another on the same chain by this bond
phosphodiester bond
94
DNA bases across from each other are held together by blank bonds
hydrogen
95
AT forms blank
2
96
CG forms blank
3
97
double stranded in cells
DNA
98
single stranded usually
RNA
99
most have C, H, O, and N and have amino group and carboxyl group
amino acid
100
amino acid monomers are held together by blank bonds (blank bonds)
covalent, peptide
101
side chains can be blank, blank, or blank in amino acids
ionic, polar, nonpolar, acidic, basic
102
peptide bond is formed by losing blank
water
103
related but non identical molecules
isomers
104
dexter is latin for blank
right
105
enzymes capable of interconverting specific enantiomers
racemases
106
structural term meaning a series of amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds
polypeptide
107
functional unit consisting of one or more polypeptides having one or more functions
protein
108
a polypeptide could be a blank or a subunit of a larger blank
whole protein, protein
109
optical isomers
enantiomers
110
carbs with several monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
111
carbs with very large amount of monosaccharides
polysaccharides
112
linear array of amino acids in a polypeptide
primary structure
113
folds in polypeptide that form a more stable structure; held together by hydrogen bonding between amino group Hydrogen and carbonyl Oxygen
secondary structure
114
two amino acids bonded by peptide linkage
dipeptide
115
many amino acids bonded by peptide linkage and proteins are comprised of one or more of these
polypeptide
116
three amino acids bonded by peptide linkage
tripeptide
117
additional folding of polypeptide to result in greater stability and unique 3d shape
tertiary structure
118
covalent bonds between -SH groups from two different amino acids
disulfide bonds
119
how tertiary structure is held together
hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds
120
occurs in proteins composed of two or more polypeptides
quaternary structure
121
each polypeptide in the protein, held together by either/both covalent bonds is called
subunit
122
unfolding of polypeptide chains because of loss of biological function, extreme pH, chemicals, or temperature extremes
denaturization
123
denaturization can be blank or blank
reversible, irreversible

Microbiology (26 decks)

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