Chapter 16 - Mechanics Of DNA Regulation

Question 0

aka posttranslational regulation

Answer 0

enzyme/protein function regulation

Question 1

two approaches of regulation

Answer 1

gene expression, enzymes and protein function

Question 2

genes that are expressed only when specific substances are present in the environment

Answer 2

inducible gene

Question 3

inducible genes are most common in blank

Answer 3

catabolism

Question 4

genes that are normally expressed but repressed when certain substances are present in the environment

Answer 4

repressible gene

Question 5

repressible genes are most common in blank

Answer 5

biosynthesis

Question 6

if the blank is bound to blank, no transcription can occur

Answer 6

repressor, operator

Question 7

tightly blank chromatin prevents blank

Answer 7

condensed, transcription

Question 8

only a low level of transcription occurring

Answer 8

constitutive synthesis

Question 9

proteins that inhibit transcription are called blank control

Answer 9

negative

Question 10

proteins that promote transcription is called blank control

Answer 10

positive

Question 11

induction and repression occur because of the activity of blank proteins and blank binding

Answer 11

regulatory, DNA

Question 12

repressor proteins are blank because they have a blank and blank form

Answer 12

allosteric, active, inactive

Question 13

anything that turns up transcription

Answer 13

inducer

Question 14

three structural genes coding for lactose uptake and metabolism

Answer 14

inducible genes

Question 15

lac blank binds lac operator which inhibits transcription by blank access to promoter for genes

Answer 15

repressor, blocking

Question 16

if glucose is present, blank does not get used by the cell because it isn’t as easy

Answer 16

lactose

Question 17

the lac repressor blank DNA

Answer 17

bends

Question 18

this consists of 5 structural genes which code for enzymes needed to synthesize tryptophan

Answer 18

trp operon

Question 19

differences between lac operon and trp operons slides

Answer 19

okay

Question 20

eukarya use regulatory blank factors to regulate transcription blank

Answer 20

transcription, initiation

Question 21

most prevalent form of gene in nature

Answer 21

wild gene

Question 22

gene with variation of sequence compared to wild type

Answer 22

mutant type

Question 23

wild type to mutant type is blank

Answer 23

forward mutation

Question 24

mutant phenotype to wild type is blank

Answer 24

reversion mutation

Question 25

occurs when the second mutation is at a different site than the original mutation

Answer 25

suppressor mutation

Question 26

these mutations can affect structure but does not usually have an effect on function

Answer 26

point mutations

Question 27

change nucleoside sequence of codon but not the encoded amino acid

Answer 27

silent mutation

Question 28

mutations in blank sequences do not affect blank structure but might affect blank

Answer 28

regulatory, protein, regulation

Question 29

enzymatic repair to any damage in dna

Answer 29

dna repair

Question 30

corrects damage that causes distortions in double helix

Answer 30

excision repair

Question 31

excision repairs remove the damaged portion of dna strand and use the intact blank strand as a template to blank new dna

Answer 31

complementary, synthesize

Question 32

used to directly repair thymine dimers

Answer 32

photoreactivation

Question 33

synthesis allows dna to be synthesized with no template

Answer 33

translesion synthesis

Question 34

when dna damage is large scale the cell may need to use a different type of repair system and this system is more blank

Answer 34

error prone

Question 35

inducible repair system used to repair excessive damage that halts replication, leaving many gaps

Answer 35

sos response

Question 36

these dna polymerases are very error prone

Answer 36

4, 5

Question 37

this protein initiates recombination repair

Answer 37

RecA

Question 38

this protein acts as protease, destroying LexA repressor protein, increasing production of oxcision repair enzymes

Answer 38

RecA

Question 39

mutations bring new blank to populations

Answer 39

genetic diversity

Question 40

mutations are subject to blank

Answer 40

selective pressure

Question 41

process in which one or more nucleic acids are rearranged

Answer 41

recombination

Question 42

transfer of genes from parents to progeny

Answer 42

vertical gene transfer

Question 43

sexual reproduction is accompanied by genetic recombination in blank

Answer 43

eukaryotes

Question 44

this transfer of genes from one independent, mature organism to another followed by recombination

Answer 44

horizontal gene transfer

Question 45

three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 45

transformation, transduction, conjugation

Question 46

most common form of recombination that usually involves a reciprocal exchange between pair of DNA molecules with very similar nucleotide sequence

Answer 46

homologous

Question 47

these enzymes play a role in recombination

Answer 47

RecA

Question 48

uptake of naked dna released into medium by donor cell by a competent recipient cell followed by incorporation of the dna into the recipient cell's genome

Answer 48

bacterial transformation

Question 49

transfer of bacterial genes from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium by a virus

Answer 49

transduction

Question 50

these can carry out the lytic cycle in which the host cell is destroyed or the viral dna can integrate into the host genome, becoming a latent prophage

Answer 50

bacteriophage

Question 51

any part of bacterial genome can be transferred

Answer 51

generalized transduction

Question 52

carried out by only temperate phages that have established lysogeny and only a specific portion of bacterial genome is transferred

Answer 52

specialized transduction

Question 53

small, autonomously replicating dna molecules that can exist independently in cytoplasms, or as episomes, integrate reversibly into the host chromosome

Answer 53

bacterial plasmids

Question 54

this is the conjugative plasmid that contains the information of formation of sex pilus in E. coli

Answer 54

F factors

Question 55

conjugative plasmid in E. coli

Answer 55

f factor

Question 56

cells with free f plasmid

Answer 56

f+

Question 57

cells which have no f plasmid and are always the recipient cells

Answer 57

f -

Question 58

gene transfer can be blank or blank directions

Answer 58

clockwise, counterclockwise

Question 59

a blank copy of the f factor usually is not blank

Answer 59

transferred

Question 60

direct cell to cell contact and is the transfer of genes between two bacteria

Answer 60

conjugation

Question 61

conjugation is mediated by blank

Answer 61

f pilus

Question 62

this transfers the most genes out of all the forms of genetic transfer

Answer 62

conjugation

Question 63

donor HFr cell has f factor integrated into its blank

Answer 63

chromosome

Question 64

segments of dna that move themselves to somewhere else in the genome in a process called blank

Answer 64

transposition

Question 65

these are simple transposable that only contain genes for transposition

Answer 65

insertion sequences

Question 66

these are transposable elements which contain genes other than those used for transposition like genes for antibiotic resistance

Answer 66

composite transposons