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Microbiology > Chapter 14 - Genetics (Important Chapter) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Genetics (Important Chapter) Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

study of heredity

A

genetics

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2
Q

passing on characteristics from parents to offspring so they resemble parents and each other

A

heredity

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3
Q

actual expressed properties or charactertics

A

phenotype

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4
Q

organisms genetic makeup and total collection of genes

A

genotype

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5
Q

total genetic material in cell; all the cell’s DNA; all viruses’ DNA or RNA

A

genome

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6
Q

any factor affecting the expression of the phenotype other than the genes

A

eenvironment

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7
Q

functional unit of genetic information is the

A

gene

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8
Q

segment of DNA in cells which contains the coded information that determines the kinds of RNA

A

genes

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9
Q

all genes make blank

A

RNA

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10
Q

pathway from DNA to RNA to protein is gene expression

A

central dogma

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11
Q

bonds holding nucleotides together

A

phosphodiester bonds

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12
Q

DNA is usually blank stranded compared to RNA with blank

A

two , one

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13
Q

covalent bonds between the 3’ hydroxyl of one sugar a and a 5’ hydroxyl of another sugar make up the

A

sugar phosphate backbone

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14
Q

a virus either has blank or blank but never blank

A

DNA or RNA, both

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15
Q

DNA and RNA can be blank or blank in viruses

A

single or double stranded

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16
Q

viral blank can be linear or circular

A

nucleic acid

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17
Q

most viral genomes have between about blank and blank genes

A

20 and 100

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18
Q

viral genomes are packed within a protein coat called the blank

A

capsid

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19
Q

double helix is underwound

A

negative supercoiling

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20
Q

double helix is overwound

A

positive supercoiling

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21
Q

supercoiling packs DNA into a small

A

volume

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22
Q

prokaryotes have between about blank and blank genes

A

2000, 5000

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23
Q

eukaryotic genomes are always composed of blank DNA

A

double stranded

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24
Q

eukaryotic genomes are mostly blank with some blank

A

linear, circular

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25
positively charged bunches that have DNA wrapped around them
histones
26
naked DNA is blank long
2 nm
27
nucleosomes are blank long
10 nm
28
solenoids are blank long
30 nm
29
nucleosomes, supercoils, and solenoids are part of the blank
eukaryotic genome
30
origin and is replicated as a unit of DNA
replicon
31
Archaea can have more than one blank in DNA
origin
32
type of RNA polymerase that makes the primer
DNA primase
33
DNA blank fills in cracks in DNA strand
ligase
34
DNA replication starts at the blank site
origin
35
pieces of primer are added to the DNA in small sections and when they are removed they leave gaps called blank
okazaki fragments
36
this separates the double stranded DNA into two opposite strands and uses ATP
helicase
37
DNA blank relieves tension so the replicated DNA does not break before completion
topoisomerase
38
the job of the primer is to supply a blank group so the main DNA can start being formed from there
hydroxyl
39
DNA ligase seals nicks in the blank
phosphodiester bonds
40
the leading strand uses blank synthesis of new DNA
continuous
41
the lagging strand has blank that form because it is not blank
okazaki fragments, continuous
42
The main polymerase in DNA replication
DNA polymerase III
43
DNA polymerase III is a complex of blank enzymes
10
44
DNA topoisomerase is aka
gyrase
45
DNA polymerase is always in the blank to blank direction
5', 3'
46
proofreading is done by blank and is the removal of mismatched base from the blank end of the strand
DNA polymerase III, 3'
47
proofreading is not blank
100% efficient
48
some viruses may not have blank and just blank
DNA, RNA
49
linear sequence of nucleotides with a fixed start and end point
gene
50
nucleotide sequence in a gene that have the information for amino acid placement in a polypeptide
coding sequences
51
entire gene is continuous coding sequence in blank
prokaryotes
52
template strand of DNA directs blank synthesis
mRNA
53
template is read in the blank to blank direction
3', 5'
54
the recognition and binding site for RNA polymerase that orients polymerase
promoter
55
synthesis of any RNA using DNA as a template
transcription
56
This mRNA is often found in Bacteria and Archaea
polycistronic
57
start codon
AUG
58
three stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
59
core enzyme + sigma factor =
holoenzyme
60
only the blank can begin blank
holoenzyme, transcription
61
the sigma factor of a holoenzyme has no catalytic activity but helps the core enzyme blank the start of genes (blank)
recognize, promoter
62
site of transcription initiation
promoter
63
promoter is the site where blank binds to initiate transcription
RNA polymerase
64
the -10 sequence is called the blank and the -35 sequence is called the blank. blank show up in these boxes
tata box, ttgac box, mutations
65
after binding, RNA polymerase unwinds the blank
DNA
66
eukaryotic transcription occurs in the blank
nucleus
67
three types of eukaryotic RNA polymerases
I, II, III
68
RNA polymerase I catalyzes blank synthesis
rRNA
69
RNA polymerase II catalyzes blank synthesis
mRNA
70
RNA polymerase III synthesizes blank molecules
tRNA
71
introns are removed from the initial RNA transcript by blank in eukaryotes
splicing
72
splicing of the pre RNA occurs in a large complex called a blank that contains pre mRNA
spliceosome
73
sometimes a pre mRNA is spliced so different patterns of exons remain, this is called blank
alternative splicing
74
these two things can happen simultaneously in prokaryotes because there is no blank
translation (ribosomes) and transcription, nucleus
75
the relationship between specific nucleotide sequence in a gene and a specific amino acid
genetic code
76
mRNA sequence is translated to amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain during blank
translation
77
sequence of three ribonucleotides in mRNA that determine a specific amino acid
codon
78
codons are complementary to DNA blank
triplets
79
the blank on tRNA is complementary
anticodo
80
start site for translation and is always blank
start codon, AUG
81
61 codons that specify amino acids
sense codons
82
the three codons used as translation termination signals and do not encode amino acids
non-sense codons (stop)
83
up to six different codons can code for a single amino acid
code redundancy
84
synthesis of polypeptide directed by sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
translation
85
site of translation
ribosom
86
this kind of transcription is in Bacteria and Archaea
coupled
87
tertiary structure due to base pairing within the tRNA molecule
transfer RNA
88
amino acid activation is blank by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
catalyzed
89
16S rRNA ribosomal binding site binds protein needed for initiation of blank
translation
90
23S rRNA is the blank subunit and is a blank that helps catalyze blank bond formation
large, ribozyme, peptide
91
sequential addition of amino acids to growing polypeptide
elongation cycle
92
elongation involves several blank factors
elongation
93
elongation has how many phases
three 1. aminoacyl tRNA binding 2. transpeptidation reaction 3. translocation - ribosome movement
94
protein function depends on blank shape
3D
95
proteins that aid the folding of nascent polypeptides
molecular chaperones
96
protect cells from thermal damage
molecular chaperones

Microbiology (26 decks)

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