Chapter 3 - Cell Structure of Prokaryotes Flashcards
(134 cards)
0
Q
two domains of prokarya
A
Bacteria, Archaea
1
Q
most prokaryotes lack internal blank systems
A
membrane
2
Q
prokaryote size ranges from .2 micrometers to 700 micrometers
A
true
3
Q
cell shape
A
morphology
4
Q
spherical or ovoid cell shape
A
coccus
5
Q
cylindrical shape of cell
A
bacillus
6
Q
chains of cocci
A
streptococcus
7
Q
4 cocci
A
tetrad
8
Q
2 cocci
A
diplococcus
9
Q
grape like clusters cocci
A
staphylcocci
10
Q
cubic configuration of 8 cocci all perpendicular to each other
A
sarcinae
11
Q
2 bacilli
A
diplobacilli
12
Q
chains of bacilli
A
streptobacilli
13
Q
several parallel cells along long axis
A
pallisade
14
Q
resemble rods, comma shapes
A
vibrio
15
Q
rigid helices shape
A
spirilla
16
Q
network of long, multinucleate filamentous cells
A
mycelium
17
Q
organisms that are variable in shape
A
pleomorphic
18
Q
small cells tend to grow blank than larger ones
A
quicker
19
Q
surface to volume ratios determine amount of blank that can be exchanged
A
nutrients
20
Q
structures exterior to cell wall, cell wall, and cell membrane makes up the blank of the prokaryote
A
cell envelope
21
Q
vital barrier that separates cytoplasm from environment
A
cell membrane
22
Q
cell membrane has these functions
A
regulates transport, regulates proteins
23
Q
fluid mosaic model of membrane structure means that the membrane is blank and blank
A
fluid, solid
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absolute requirement for all living organisms
cell membrane
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some bacteria have blank membrane systems
internal
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membranes consist of blank bilayer plus proteins and maybe blank but no blank
phospholipid, hopanoids, sterols
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prokaryotes do not have blank in their membranes but eukaryotes do
carbohydrates
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loosely connected proteins to membrane on cytoplasmic side
peripheral
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amphipathic membrane protein that is embedded within membrane and project outware or inward
integral
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membrane protein that goes completely across the membrane from one side to another
transmembrane
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in prokaryotes, cell membrane does energy blank but doesn't in eukaryotes
metabolism
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fluidity of cell membrane is controlled by blank
temperature
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membrane gets too cold
solidification
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membrane gets too hot
thermal lysis
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when membrane is cold it adds more blank fatty acids to blank van der Waals forces
unsaturated, minimize
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when membrane is hot is loses more blank fatty acids to blank van der Waals forces
unsaturated, maximize
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transport where ligand binds specific protein receptors on cell surface
receptor-mediated transport
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receptor mediated transport is blank selective
highly
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simultaneous transport and chemical modification of transported substance
group translocation
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most prokaryotes have this and it is structured of polysaccharides and peptides or protein
cell walls
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cell wall function is to prevent blank
osmotic lysis
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this breaks the bond between N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in cell walls in blank solution
lysozome, hypotonic
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this inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in cell wall in blank solution
penicillin, hypotonic
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this does not produce a cell wall and hyper regulates internal solute concentration
mycoplasma
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spheroplasts are gram blank
negative
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protoplasts are gram blank
positive
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stains purple; thick layer of blank
gram positive, peptidoglycan
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stains red with thin layer of blank
gram negative, peptidoglycan
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a structural polymer with identical subunits forming long strands
peptidoglycan structure
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in gram negative, crosslinks are blank between amino acids in the tetrapeptide
directly
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in gram positive, crosslinks often have a blank to connect
bridge
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gram positive cell walls are about 90 percent blank
peptidoglycan
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gram positive cell walls also have blank which projects out of cell membrane
teichoic acid
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teichoic acids help maintain blank, may bind to blank cells, and may store blank
cell envelope, host, PO4
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lies between plasma membrane and cell wall and is smaller than that of gram negative bacteria
periplasmic space in gram positive
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these cell walls are blank complex than gram positive
more
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only about 10 percent of blank in gram negative cell walls
peptidoglycan
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there are many blank present in periplasm of gram blank
enzymes, negative
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these connect outer membrane to peptidoglycan
Braun's lipoproteins
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this contributes to negative charge on cell surface and consists of three parts
lipopolysaccharide
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LPS helps stabilize outer blank structure
membrane
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LPS protects from blank defenses
host (O antigens)
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LPS can act as an blank
endotoxin (lipid A)
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gram negative outer membranes are blank permeable than plasma membrane due to presence of blank proteins and blank proteins
more, porin, transport
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shrinkage of pores in blank prevents blank
gram positive peptidoglycan, decolorization
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gram negative decolorizes because the blank become large enough to lose color
pores
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polysaccharide rich material exterior to cell wall; sometimes has protein component
glycocalyx
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dense; tightly attached; regular arrangement of polysaccharides; visible to light microscope
capsule
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diffuse; loosely attached; irregular arrangement of polysaccharides
slime layer
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regularly structured layers of protein or glycoprotein that self assemble
S layers
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this protects from ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes, and predation
S layer
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s layer promotes blank to surfaces
adhesion
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short thin, hairlike structures in prokaryotes
fimbriae
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fimbriae mediate blank to surfaces
attachment
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similar to fimbriae except longer, thicker and not as many
sex pili
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genes for formation are found on blank in sex pili
plasmids
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threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall
flagella
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one flagellum
monotrichous
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flagellum at end of cell
polar flagellum
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one flagellum at each end of cell
amphitrichous
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cluster of flagella at one or both ends
lophotrichous
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flagella over entire surface of cell
peritrichous
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flagella part that extends from cell surface to the tip
filament
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links filament to basal body; made of protein
hook
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series of rings that drive flagellar motor
basal body
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complex process involving many genes/gene products
flagellar synthesis
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flagella grows from blank not blank
tip, base
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directed cell movement in response to some stimulus
taxis
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move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients, away from harmful substances
chemotaxis
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flagellum rotates like a blank
propeller
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C ring and MS ring turn and interact with stator
rotor
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Mot A and Mot B proteins
stator
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basal body is the blank of the flagellum
motor
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these have corkscrew shapes which allows them to move in viscous media
spirochete
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short, intermittent, jerky motions that use pili and is a type of motility
twitching
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motility that is smooth movements of prokaryotes
gliding
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material bounded by the plasmid structure
cytoplasm
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network of fibrous proteins within cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
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cytoskeleton function is for cell blank like in blank
division, eukaryotes
100
membrane bound storage structures containing granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use
inclusions
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these are not bound by membranes but compartmentalized for a specific function like carboxysomes for CO2 fixing bacteria
microcompartments
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inclusions found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and archaea
gas vacuoles
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complex structures made of protein and RNA
ribosomes
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the small membrane that surrounds genetic material in prokaryotes
nucleoid
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prokaryotes often have additional smaller circular DNA called... difference is that it is not blank
plasmids, supercoiled
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type of plasmid found in bacteria, archaea, some fungi and usually small , closed circular DNA molecules
extrachromosomal DNA
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plasmids exist and replicate independently of blank
chromosome
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complex, dormant strucutre formed by some bacteria in various locations within the cell and function to surfvive environments for the organism
bacterial endospore
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endospore bacteria most often live in blank and are gram blank
soil, positive
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thick layers of protein form the endospore blank
coat
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beneath the coat and is thick peptidoglycan
cortex
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blank has nucleoid and ribosomes in endospore
core
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what makes endospore so resistant
calcium, dehydrated cores,
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process of endospore formation is called blank and occurs in a few blank
sporulation, hours
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transformation of endospore in to vegetative cell complex
germination
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prepares spores for germination and often results from treatments like heating
activation
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spore swelling and rupture of absorption of spore coat
germination
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cysts die with blank
boiling
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domain of bacteria that has many features in common with blank
eukarya
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archaea is much like domain Bacteria as well because it has genes for blank
metabolism
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archaea are best known for growing in blank environments
extreme
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archaea are known for blank shapes
irregular
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archaea do not have blank or blank shape
spirilla, spirochete
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archaea cell membranes are a blank bond not blank like domain Bacteria
ether, ester
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archaea usually have blank membrane but can have blank membrane
phospholipid bilayer, monolayer
126
archaea have this in cell envelopes called blank and is peptidoglycan-like polymer
pseudomurein
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archaea cell walls differ from domain Bacteria cell walls because it
lacks peptidoglycan, most common cell wall is S layer, more variation in cell wall,
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nucleoid in archaea is about the same as domain blank
Bacteria
129
histones, Alba, and condensins that aid in folding are found in the nucleoid of blank but not blank which is the large difference
archaea, Bacteria
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blank in archaea are not very well understood yet
pili
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hollow, tubelike structures on the surface of thermophilic archae in the genus Pyrodictium
cannulae
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function of blank is unknown
cannulae
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flagellum are not blank in archaea but are in domain Bacteria
hollow
