Chapter 8 - Control of Microbes in Environment

Question 0

antimicrobial agent that kills microbes

Answer 0

microbiocidal

Question 1

any physical or chemical agent that either kills microbes or inhibits their growth

Answer 1

antimicrobial agent

Question 2

antimicrobial agent that inhibits the growth of microbes

Answer 2

microbiostatic

Question 3

something that is free of all viable microbes

Answer 3

sterile

Question 4

process of killing and or removing all microbes in a material or object, including any spores

Answer 4

sterilization

Question 5

process of decreasing the number of viable microbes on an inanimate object/ surface to a level that presents minimum possibility of disease transmission or contamination

Answer 5

disinfection

Question 6

disinfection of living tissues

Answer 6

antisepsis

Question 7

reduction of microbial population to levels deemed safe

Answer 7

sanitization

Question 8

inability to reproduce by a microbe

Answer 8

death

Question 9

numerous ways to blank cells

Answer 9

kill

Question 10

population death occurs blank

Answer 10

exponentially

Question 11

measuring an agent’s killing efficiency is the time it takes to kill blank

Answer 11

90%

Question 12

microbes differ markedly in their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents

Answer 12

population composition

Question 13

one most effective way to kill microbes that denatures proteins, nucelic acids, and cell membrane and is physical method

Answer 13

heat

Question 14

most effective form of heat to kill microbes

Answer 14

moist

Question 15

mild heating to kill vegetative microbes, but does not sterilize

Answer 15

sub boiling temperatures (pasteurization)

Question 16

milk at 71 Celsius for 30 seconds then it cools quickly

Answer 16

flash pasteurization

Question 17

liquids at about 66 Celsius for 30 minutes

Answer 17

bulk pasteurization

Question 18

physical method of controlling microbial growth that kills vegetative bacteria, many viruses and fungi, kills some spores but not all, doesn’t sterilize

Answer 18

boiling water

Question 19

physical method of killing microbes that involves heating water under pressure causes it to boil at higher temperatures than normal atmospheric pressures

Answer 19

steam under pressure

Question 20

devices to boil water under pressure

Answer 20

autoclaves

Question 21

autoclaves blank materials

Answer 21

sterilize

Question 22

dry heat method that needs higher temps for longer exposure times

Answer 22

oven

Question 23

dry heat method that is fire and burns materials that sterilizes like in lab

Answer 23

incineration

Question 24

low temperatures do not blank microbes but they blank microbes

Answer 24

kill, inhibiti

Question 25

pass liquid or gas through screen like subs with pores small enough to retain microbes, but let gas or liquid pass through

Answer 25

filtration

Question 26

filtration is used to blank heat sensitive liquids or gases

Answer 26

sterilize

Question 27

porous membranes with defined pore sizes that remove microbes by physical screening

Answer 27

membrane filters

Question 28

blank radiation can damage and denature proteins and DNA

Answer 28

ionizing

Question 29

ionizing radiation can penetrate blank so it is used to sterilize sealed medical equipment

Answer 29

packaging

Question 30

two examples of ionizing radiation

Answer 30

gamma, x, electron beams

Question 31

nonionizing radiation is lower in energy so it does not produce ions; it kills vegetative cells but not spores and cannot penetrate packaging

Answer 31

uv radiation

Question 32

remove H2O from microbes; drying vegetative cells stops metabolic activity

Answer 32

dessication

Question 33

this bacteria is viable for hours or even days even when dried out

Answer 33

mycobacteria tuberculosis

Question 34

dry out material with vacuum at same time lowering the temperature below freezing

Answer 34

lyophilization (freeze drying)

Question 35

blank environment dessicates microbes

Answer 35

hypertonic

Question 36

chemical that sterilizes something

Answer 36

sterilant

Question 37

chemical that kills vegetative forms of microbes that can cause disease but not necessarily spores

Answer 37

disinfectant

Question 38

an agent that kills 99.99% of all bacteria in a contaminated area

Answer 38

sanitizer

Question 39

first disinfectant that had an OH group

Answer 39

phenol

Question 40

not a good antimicrobial agent

Answer 40

methanol

Question 41

blank alcohol is often used for skin disinfection

Answer 41

ethyl

Question 42

skin antiseptic that may kill spores at high concentrations

Answer 42

iodine

Question 43

iodine dissolved in ethanol

Answer 43

tincture

Question 44

hypochlorous acid formula

Answer 44

Cl2 + H2O --> HCl + HClO

Question 45

how hypochlorite is formed

Answer 45

HClO --> H+ + ClO-

Question 46

chlorine blank is sporocidal

Answer 46

gas

Question 47

hypochlorite is often used in blank

Answer 47

swimming pools

Question 48

use blank forms of mercury for disinfection

Answer 48

organic

Question 49

algicide in swimming pools

Answer 49

copper sulfate

Question 50

fungicides in agriculture are blank

Answer 50

zinc sulfate

Question 51

used to be used as antiseptic in newborns eyes

Answer 51

silver nitrate

Question 52

blank agents like soap are amphipathic

Answer 52

emulsifying

Question 53

highly reactive molecules that are sporicidal and can be used as chemical sterilants... ex ) formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde

Answer 53

aldehydes