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Microbiology > Chapter 11 - Catabolism, Energy Release, Conservation > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Catabolism, Energy Release, Conservation Flashcards

(86 cards)

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0
Q

these use reduced inorganic substances for getting electrons

A

lithotrophs

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1
Q

chemotrophs obtain energy from blank of chemical compounds

A

oxidation

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2
Q

obtain electrons from organic compounds

A

organotrophs

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3
Q

humans are blank

A

chemoorganoheterotrophs

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4
Q

the complete or incomplete oxidation of an organic compound with the subsequent release of energy

A

chemoorganotrophy

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5
Q

use of organic molecules as energy, carbon and electron source

A

chemooorganotrophs

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6
Q

three chemoheterotrophic processes in nature

A

aerobic cell respiration, anaerobic cell respiration, fermentation

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7
Q

final electron acceptor is always blank in aerobic cellular respiration

A

oxygen

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8
Q

final electron acceptor is blank oxygen in anaerobic cell respiration

A

never

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9
Q

incomplete oxidation of organic molecule where end products are organic acids or alcohols

A

fermentation

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10
Q

fermentation uses an blank electron acceptor to oxidize the organic energy source like pyruvate

A

endogenous

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11
Q

enzyme catalyzed reactions whereby the product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next

A

catabolic pathway

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12
Q

function both as catabolic and anabolic pathways

A

amphibolic pathways

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13
Q

process that can completely catabolize and oxidize an organic energy source to CO2 using

A

aerobic cellular respiration

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14
Q

aerobic respiration is a blank reaction because most energy is lost as heat; some captured and stored in bonds of ATP or equivalent molecule

A

exergonic reaction

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15
Q

complete oxidation of glucose all the way down to six carbon dioxides

A

cellular respiration

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16
Q

three routes of breakdown of pyruvate

A

embden-meyerhof, pentose phosphate, entner-duodoroff

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17
Q

glycolysis steps

A

add phosphates from atp to glucose to make fructose, aldoslase turns it into glyceraldehyde, glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase changes it to bisphophoglycerate and NADH

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18
Q

pathway used by soil bacteria and a few gram negative bacteria

A

entner duodoroff

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19
Q

entner pathway yields blank products than glycolysis

A

fewer, 1 atp, 1 nadh

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20
Q

glucose water and nadp are changed into co2 nadph, h+ pi

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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21
Q

to form acetyl CoA, a blank is taken away from blank

A

co2, acetyl group

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22
Q

aka the kreb’s cycle

A

tricarboxylic acid

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23
Q

citric acid cycle steps

A

acetyl coA with oxaloacetate forms citrate (2 carbon plus 4 carbon = 6 carbon),

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24
tricarboxylic acid yields
2 Co2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP
25
during electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, a total of blank nadh and blank fadh are formed
10, 4
26
electron transport chains take electrons from blank and blank to blank
nadh, fadh2, o2
27
difference between reduction potentials of nadh and oxygen is blank so a lot of blank is created
large, energy
28
bacterial and archaeal etc are located in blank
membrane
29
electron transport chain in eukaryotes are in the blank membrane
inner mitochondrial
30
electron transfer is accompanied by blank movement across inner mitochondrial membrane of etc
protong
31
process by which atp is synthesized as the result of electron transport driven by the oxidation of a chemical energy source
oxidative phosphorylation
32
maximum yield of atp in aerobic respiration
38
33
actual yield of atp in aerobic respiration in eukaryotes is blank and about blank in prokaryotes
30, 16-28
34
this involves the complete catabolism and oxidation of the starting organic molecule to CO2
anaerobic respiration
35
oxidized inorganic blank compounds are the most common electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration
nitrogen
36
many blank prokaryotes such as certain species of blank are nitrate, nitrite, or nitrogen compound reducing
soil, pseudomonas
37
blank use co2 as a final electron acceptor and reduce it to make CH4 (blank)
methanogens, methane
38
incomplete oxidation of organic molecule
fermentation
39
fermentation only yields blank
atp
40
in absence of external nutrients, blank and blank are stored substances that can be used as energy
starch, glycogen
41
lipid catabolism involves blank
triglycerides
42
membrane is charged blank
positive
43
inside cell is blank charged
negatively
44
incomplete oxidation of organic molecule
fermentation
45
net yield of fermentation
2 atp
46
chemolithotrophy using inorganic moleucles is a blank reaction
exergonic
47
there are no blank that are chemolithotrophs
eukaryotes
48
three major groups of chemolithotrophs
hydrogen oxidizing, sulfur oxidizing, nitrifying bacteria oxidizing ammonia
49
hydrogen oxidizing chemolithotrophs are found in blank earth and sea. these two domains can be chemolithotrophs
deep, Bacteria, Archaea
50
hydrogen oxidation is catalyzed by blank and are often blank
hydrogenase, facultative
51
two groups of bacteria work in concert to fully oxidize blank to blank
ammonia, nitrate
52
two genera that do nitrification
Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter
53
nitrification yields blank energy so growth is very blank
little, slow
54
Calvin cycle requires blank as electron source for fixing blank
NADPH, CO2
55
many chemolithotrophs can shift to blank metabolism
chemoorganotrophic
56
type of metabolism that uses light
phototrophy
57
these use energy from the sun and electrons from an inorganic molecule
phototrophs
58
phototrophs synthesize blank molecules from CO2 by a series of reaction called the blank
organic, Calvin cycle
59
in photosynthesis, light energy is converted to blank bond energy
chemical
60
CO2 is reduced to organic blank in phototrophs
glucose
61
two phases of photosynthesis
light reaction, dark reaction
62
most familiar form of photosynthesis with the stereotypical formula
oxygenic
63
photosynthesis done by some prokaryotes that involves H2S being reduced
anoxygenic
64
photosynthetic blank capture blank energy
pigment, light
65
organisms that are photosynthetic must produce some form of blank to by photosynthetic
chlorophyll
66
chlorophyll is a blank
porphyrin
67
different chlorophylls have different blank
absorption spectra
68
eukaryotes have chlorophyll pigments in blank
thylakoids
69
prokaryotes have chlorophyll pigments in blank
cytoplasmic membrane
70
highly organized arrays of chlorphylls and accessory pigments
antenna pigments
71
antenna and its associated reaction center chlorphyll
photosystems
72
three important nutritional types of organisms
photolithoautotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemoorganoheterotrophs
73
organisms must have blank power to produce energy
reducing
74
anoxygenic photosynthesis has blank photosystems
1
75
oxygenic photosynthesis has blank photosystems
2
76
these participate directly in the conversion of light energy to ATP
reaction centers
77
funnel light energy to reaction centers
antenna pigments
78
function as massive antenna complexes in photosystems
chlorosomes
79
chlorosomes are found in blank bacteria
green sulfur
80
heliobacteria, green bacteria, and purple bacteria all do blank photosynthesis
anoxygenic
81
oxygenic phototrophs use light energy to generate ATP and blank in two photosystems
NADPH
82
photosystem 1 makes blank and 2 makes blank
NADPH, ATP
83
reduction of carbon dioxide to organic carbon
carbon fixation
84
carbon fixation most commonly happens in the blank
Calvin cycle
85
Calvin cycle i s the most common means of carbon fixation for blank and blank
chemolithotrophs, phototrophs

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