Development

Question 1

male gonads and path of sperm

Answer 1

testes (in scrotum) produce sperm
- sperm enter epididymis (modifications)
- goes through van deferens and connects to urthrea. (gets ATP and joins with seminal vesicle)
- passes through prostate
- exits urethra through ejaculation

Question 2

female gonads

Answer 2

ovaries produce oocytes
primary oocyte in ovaries, once thrown to fallopian tube and completes M1
travels down fallopian tube
-sperm meets and fertilizes
secondary oocyte goes through M2
-if not fertilized, oocyte reaches uterus and exits through vagina in menstruation

Question 3

meiosis

Answer 3

process of creating haploid cells,
going from 46 chromosomes to 23
only happens in gamete cells
M1- similar to mitosis, breaks down from 46 to 23 chromosomes
M2- breaks 23 chromosomes into mixed cells with separate chromatids to later bind with an opposite gamete cell.

Question 4

gametogenesis

Answer 4

gets cells to correct # of DNA
goes through mitosis and miosis
spermatogenesis and oogenesis
1- normal somatic cells (gonia cells) go through mitosis
2- 1 cell goes back as a somatic cell and the other is differentiated as a gamete (gametocytes)
go through M1
3- creates 2 daughter cells (or 1 Dcell and 1 polar body(, 23 chromosomes
M2 occurs
4- 4 daughter cells ( or 1 and 1 polar body) are created
5- modifications occur so that the gametes are mature

Question 5

spermatogenesis

Answer 5

events in which spermatoid give rise to spermocytes, and spermatids, and then sperm cells

Question 6

spermiogenesis

Answer 6

modifications made to a spermatid to become a sperm cell
- elongated spermatid
- spermatozoa

Question 7

acrosome

Answer 7

membrane on the anterior part of a sperm
helps sperm penetrate eggs

Question 8

oocytes

Answer 8

female gamete
primary
secondary

Question 9

follicles

Answer 9

released with eggs each month

Question 10

ovulation

Answer 10

process of egg moving from ovary to fallopian tube

Question 11

corpus luteum

Answer 11

secretes estrogen and progesterone, makes uterus more stable for implantation

Question 12

fertilization

Answer 12

process of sperm meeting egg and mixing DNA, creating a zygote (46 chromosomes)
-cleavage
-morula
-blastocyte

Question 13

corona radiata

Answer 13

surrounds the fertilized egg to provide proteins

Question 14

pronuclei

Answer 14

23 male pronuclei
23 female pronuclei
makes up a zygote with 46 chromosomes

Question 15

zygote

Answer 15

created when sperm enters 2ndary oocyte
combo of pronuclei
starts cleavage to create somatic cells/blastomeres

Question 16

cleavage

Answer 16

divides through mitosis creates blastomeres
size of zygote doesn’t get any bigger, but has lots of cell divisions within.
moves down fallopian tube

Question 17

implantation

Answer 17

enters the uterus and implants into cell wall (endometrium) as morula
blastomeres start to differentiate into embryoblast and trophoblast cells

Question 18

gastrulation

Answer 18

separating into 3 primary germ layers
bilaminar disk epiblast and hypoblast becomes trilaminar disk with invaded area in-between the touching sections.

Question 19

primary germ layers

Answer 19

endoderm- lining of reparatory and GI tracts
mesoderm- cardiovascular, reproductive, muscle, CT, vesles, skeleton
ectoderm- epidermis and CNS/PNS

Question 20

organogenesis

Answer 20

creation and growth of organs in primary germ layers and throughout pregnancy

Question 21

neurulation

Answer 21

creation of neural tube

Question 22

placenta

Answer 22

half mom (endometrium) and half baby (trophoblast cells)
arteries bring baby waste to mom and veins bring nutrients to the baby

Question 23

fetus

Answer 23

develops in amniotic cavity
organs grow and mature

Question 24

trimesters

Answer 24

1st trimester- 12 weeks, more than 1/2 deaths occur
2nd- 13-24, can be seen on sonography
3rd- 25 to birth, organs developed

Question 25

teratology

Answer 25

chemical that can cause fetal abnormities

Question 26

hallmark features of embryonic period

Answer 26

neurulations- neural tube
pharyngeal pouches
somite
limb buds

Question 27

morphological features of fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 27

short palpebral fissure
thin upper lip
smooth fitrum

Question 28

methods of contraceptive effectiveness

Answer 28

-spermacide/planning
-physical barriers
-hormones
-IUD/vasectomy
forms that create a harsh environment work better than those that just use a physical barrier