Development Flashcards

1
Q

male gonads and path of sperm

A

testes (in scrotum) produce sperm
- sperm enter epididymis (modifications)
- goes through van deferens and connects to urthrea. (gets ATP and joins with seminal vesicle)
- passes through prostate
- exits urethra through ejaculation

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2
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries produce oocytes
primary oocyte in ovaries, once thrown to fallopian tube and completes M1
travels down fallopian tube
-sperm meets and fertilizes
secondary oocyte goes through M2
-if not fertilized, oocyte reaches uterus and exits through vagina in menstruation

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3
Q

meiosis

A

process of creating haploid cells,
going from 46 chromosomes to 23
only happens in gamete cells
M1- similar to mitosis, breaks down from 46 to 23 chromosomes
M2- breaks 23 chromosomes into mixed cells with separate chromatids to later bind with an opposite gamete cell.

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4
Q

gametogenesis

A

gets cells to correct # of DNA
goes through mitosis and miosis
spermatogenesis and oogenesis
1- normal somatic cells (gonia cells) go through mitosis
2- 1 cell goes back as a somatic cell and the other is differentiated as a gamete (gametocytes)
go through M1
3- creates 2 daughter cells (or 1 Dcell and 1 polar body(, 23 chromosomes
M2 occurs
4- 4 daughter cells ( or 1 and 1 polar body) are created
5- modifications occur so that the gametes are mature

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5
Q

spermatogenesis

A

events in which spermatoid give rise to spermocytes, and spermatids, and then sperm cells

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6
Q

spermiogenesis

A

modifications made to a spermatid to become a sperm cell
- elongated spermatid
- spermatozoa

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7
Q

acrosome

A

membrane on the anterior part of a sperm
helps sperm penetrate eggs

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8
Q

oocytes

A

female gamete
primary
secondary

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9
Q

follicles

A

released with eggs each month

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10
Q

ovulation

A

process of egg moving from ovary to fallopian tube

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11
Q

corpus luteum

A

secretes estrogen and progesterone, makes uterus more stable for implantation

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12
Q

fertilization

A

process of sperm meeting egg and mixing DNA, creating a zygote (46 chromosomes)
-cleavage
-morula
-blastocyte

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13
Q

corona radiata

A

surrounds the fertilized egg to provide proteins

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14
Q

pronuclei

A

23 male pronuclei
23 female pronuclei
makes up a zygote with 46 chromosomes

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15
Q

zygote

A

created when sperm enters 2ndary oocyte
combo of pronuclei
starts cleavage to create somatic cells/blastomeres

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16
Q

cleavage

A

divides through mitosis creates blastomeres
size of zygote doesn’t get any bigger, but has lots of cell divisions within.
moves down fallopian tube

17
Q

implantation

A

enters the uterus and implants into cell wall (endometrium) as morula
blastomeres start to differentiate into embryoblast and trophoblast cells

18
Q

gastrulation

A

separating into 3 primary germ layers
bilaminar disk epiblast and hypoblast becomes trilaminar disk with invaded area in-between the touching sections.

19
Q

primary germ layers

A

endoderm- lining of reparatory and GI tracts
mesoderm- cardiovascular, reproductive, muscle, CT, vesles, skeleton
ectoderm- epidermis and CNS/PNS

20
Q

organogenesis

A

creation and growth of organs in primary germ layers and throughout pregnancy

21
Q

neurulation

A

creation of neural tube

22
Q

placenta

A

half mom (endometrium) and half baby (trophoblast cells)
arteries bring baby waste to mom and veins bring nutrients to the baby

23
Q

fetus

A

develops in amniotic cavity
organs grow and mature

24
Q

trimesters

A

1st trimester- 12 weeks, more than 1/2 deaths occur
2nd- 13-24, can be seen on sonography
3rd- 25 to birth, organs developed

25
Q

teratology

A

chemical that can cause fetal abnormities

26
Q

hallmark features of embryonic period

A

neurulations- neural tube
pharyngeal pouches
somite
limb buds

27
Q

morphological features of fetal alcohol syndrome

A

short palpebral fissure
thin upper lip
smooth fitrum

28
Q

methods of contraceptive effectiveness

A

-spermacide/planning
-physical barriers
-hormones
-IUD/vasectomy
forms that create a harsh environment work better than those that just use a physical barrier