Chapter 15: Disorders (6B + 6C)

Question 1

What is depression?

Answer 1

Low, sad state in which people feel overwhelmed

Question 2

What is major depressive disorder?

Answer 2

A disorder characterized by a depressed mood that is sighnificantly disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or general medical condition

Question 3

What is mania?

Answer 3

euphoria and frenzied energy

Question 4

What is bipolar disorder?

Answer 4

Periods of mania alternate with periods of depression

Question 5

What are emotional and motivational symptoms of Major depressive disorder?

Answer 5

Emotional: depressed mood
Motivational: loss of desire to do usual activities , lack of drive

Question 6

What are some behavioural symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Answer 6

Behavioural: less active and productive, may mov and speak slowly and seem physically agitated

Question 7

What are some cognitive and physical symptoms of major depressive disorder ?

Answer 7

Cognitive: negative self-evaluation, self-blame, pessimism, guilt, indecisiveness, difficult concentrating, thoughts of death or suicide
Physical: headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizzy spells, pain, sleep and eating disturbance, fatigue

Question 8

What are some neuroscientists explanations for major depressive disorder?

Answer 8

• Genetic predisposition
• low norepinephrine and serotonin activity
• high cortisol

Question 9

What are some socio-cultural theorists explaintions for major depressive disorder?

Answer 9

• lack of social support
• stressors

Question 10

What are cognitive behavioural theorists explanations for major depressive disorder?

Answer 10

• learned helplessness
• Attribution-helplessness theory
• negative thinking
• illogical thinking process
• automatic thoughts
• cognitive triad

Question 11

What are symtoms of bipolar disorder in the five areas of functioning

Answer 11

Emotional: powerful highs and lows
Motivational: seek excitements and companionship
Behavioural - may move and speak quickly
Cognitive - poor judgment and planning, optimism, grandiosity
Physical: energized, require little sleep

Question 12

Neuroscietsts Explanations for bipolar disorder?

Answer 12

• gene abnormalities
• ion dysregulation and reduced sodium pump activity
• stress plus biological predisposition
• life events - striving, failures

Question 13

What is anxiety?

Answer 13

It is when individuals face disabling levels of fear or anxiety that frequent, severe, persistent, or easily triggered. They usually have at least three of these:
- restlessness
- keyed-up behaviour
- fatigue
- difficulty concentrating
- Muscle tension
- Sleep problems

Question 14

What is the cognitive behavioural stance of anxiety disorder?

Answer 14

• Assumption that one is in danger
• Intolerance of certainty theory - unwilling to accept negative events

Question 15

What is the neuroscientist stance on Anxiety disorder?

Answer 15

• Malfunctioning GABA system
• Malfunctioning emotional Brian circuit

Question 16

What is social anxiety disorder?

Answer 16

An anxiety disorder in which people feel severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur

Question 17

What are the cognitive behavioural explanations for social anxiety disorder?

Answer 17

• unrealistically high social standards
• View one sled as socially unattractive
• view oneself as socially unskilled and inadequate
• Belief that one is in danger of behaving incompetently
  -Belief that one has no control over anxious feelings ins social situations
• Expect negative consequences for clumsy behaviour

Question 18

What is a phobia?

Answer 18

Persistent, unreasonable fear of a specific object, activity or situation

Question 19

What are some explanations for phobias?

Answer 19

• Classically conditioned fear
• Avoidance behaviours are reinforced through operant conditioning
• Modelling of fearful behaviour

Question 20

What is a panic attack?

Answer 20

Periodic sudden bouts of panic

Question 21

What is paid disorder?

Answer 21

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks that occur without apparent provocation
- May misinterpret panic as a sign of medical emergency

Question 22

What are some explanations for panic disorder?

Answer 22

• Malfunctioning brain circuit and excess norepinephrine
• Misinterpretation of bodily sensations

Question 23

What are obsessions?

Answer 23

Persistent thoughts ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness

Question 24

What are compulsions?

Answer 24

Irrational repetitive and rigid behaviours or mental acts that people feel compelled to performs to prevent or reduce anxiety

Question 25

What is OCD?

Answer 25

A mental disorder associate with repeated abnormal anxiety provoking thoughts and/or repeated rigid behaviours

Question 26

What are some cognitive explanations OCD

Answer 26

• accidental associations
• learning that compulsive behaviour relieves anxiety

Question 27

What are neuroscientists explanations for OCD?

Answer 27

• low serotonin activity
• overactive orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei
• Cingulate cortex and hypothalamus active OCD impulses
• Amygdala drives dear and anxiety components of the OCD response

Question 28

What is acute stress disorder?

Answer 28

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experiences soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month

Question 29

What is post traumatic stress disorder?

Answer 29

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event

Question 30

What are some symptoms of acute and post traumatic stress disorder?

Answer 30

• high levels of ongoing anxiety and depression
• hyper-alertness
• easily startled
• trouble concentrating and remembering
• sleep problems
• guilt
• recurring thoughts, memories, dreams nightmares
• detached

Question 31

Wat are some explanations for PTSD

Answer 31

• Biological and genetic factors : abnormal cortisol and norepinephrine levels, damaged hippocampus and amygdala
• Personality, attitudes, coping styles
• childhood expirences
• weak social and family support

Question 32

What is schizophrenia?

Answer 32

A mental disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, lack of contact with reality,and sometimes hallucinations

Question 33

What are positive symptoms?

Answer 33

Symptoms that seem to represent pathological excesses in behaviour, including delusions, disorganized thinking and speech hallucinations, and inappropriate affect

Question 34

What are delusions?

Answer 34

Blatantly false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary

Question 35

What are loose associations or derailment?

Answer 35

A common thought disorder of schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic to another

Question 36

What are hallucinations?

Answer 36

Imagined sights, sounds or others sensory events experiences as if they were real

Question 37

What is inappropriate affect?

Answer 37

Emotions that are unsuited to the situation

Question 38

What are negative symptoms?

Answer 38

Symptoms that seem to reflect pathological deficits, including poverty of speech, flat affect, loss of volition and social withdrawal.

Question 39

What are some affected cognitive functions of schizophrenia?

Answer 39

• memory
• executive function
• attention
• working memory
• intelligence

Question 40

What is Catalonia?

Answer 40

Extreme psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia including at atomic stupid, catatonic rigidity, and catatonic posturing

Question 41

What are some neuroscientists explanations for schizophrenia?

Answer 41

• Genetic predisposition
• diathesis-stress model: biological predisposition plus negative event
• Excessive dopamine activity
• Enlarged ventricles, small temporal lobes and frontal lobes and structural abnormalities of the hippocampus,amygdala and thalamus