17.4-17.5 Leukocytes/Platelets

Question 1

Formed element that is a complete cell with nuclei and organelles
A.k.a = WBCs
Function: defense against disease

Answer 1

Leukocytes

Question 2

Abnormally low WBC count

Answer 2

Leukopenia

Question 3

Contain visible cytoplasmic granules
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

Answer 3

Granulocytes

Question 4

Do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules
Monocytes, Lymphocytes

Answer 4

Agranulocytes

Question 5

Production of white blood cells
Stimulated by 2 messengers:
- Interleukins (IL)
- Colony stimulating factors (CSF)

Answer 5

Leukopoiesis

Question 6

Stem cells that produce lymphocytes

Answer 6

Lymphoid stem cells

Question 7

Stem cells that produce all other elements

Answer 7

Myeloid stem cells

Question 8

Mature in bone marrow
B lymphocytes

Answer 8

Plasma cells

Question 9

Mature in the thymus
T lymphocytes

Answer 9

Effector T cells

Question 10

Cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBCs
Without treatment, all leukemias are fatal
Cancerous cells fill red bone marrow

Answer 10

Leukemia

Question 11

Highly contagious viral disease
“Kissing disease”
Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
Involve lymphocytes that become enlarged
Runs its course with rest in 4-6 weeks
Symptoms: Enlargement of spleen, tiredness, aches, low fever

Answer 11

Leukocyte mononucleosis

Question 12

Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
Blue staining outer-region; purple granules
Form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Contain several chemicals involved in clotting process

Answer 12

Platelet

Question 13

Mitosis of cells occurs, but no cytokinesis –> forms large cell with multi-lobed nucleus
Stage IV megakaryocyte sends cytoplasmic projections into lumen of capillary
Projections break into platelet fragments

Answer 13

Platelet formation

Question 14

Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding following an injury
Three steps:
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet formation
3. Coagulation (blood clotting)

Question 15

LS: 100-120 days

Answer 15

Erythrocyte

Question 16

1. Vascular Spasm - smooth muscle contracts causing vasconstriction
2. Platelet plug - Injury of lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere
3. Platelets release chemicals
4. Coagulation - Fibrin forms a mesh that traps the red blood cells and platelets, forming clot

Answer 16

How a clot forms

Question 17

Occurs in 3 phases
Triggered by tissue-damaging events
Stage 1: Intrinsic or extrinsic pathway
Stage 2: Prothrombin activator
Stage 3: Sticky fibrin formation

Answer 17

Coagulation

Question 18

Vessel endothelium ruptures, exposing underlying tissues
Platelets cling and their surfaces provide sites for mobilization factors
Inside

Answer 18

Intrinsic pathway

Question 19

Tissue cell trauma exposes blood to tissue factor

Answer 19

Extrinsic pathway

Question 20

Stage 2 of coagulation; Prothrombin activator catalyzes transformation of plasma protein prothrombin into active enzyme thrombin

Answer 20

Prothrombin activator

Question 21

Stage 3 of coagulation; Thrombin catalyzes transformation of soluble clotting factor fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
Ends with formation of fibrin mesh

Answer 21

Sticky fibrin mesh formation

Question 22

Draws ruptured blood vessel edges together
Vessel healing even as a clot retraction occurs

Answer 22

Clot retraction

Question 23

Process whereby clots are removed after repair is completed
Begins within 2 days and continues for several days until clot is dissolved
Fibrin dissolves

Answer 23

Fibrinolysis

Question 24

1. Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors
2. Inhibition of activated clotting factors
   *Limiting amount of thrombin produced

Answer 24

Reducing clot size

Question 25

Disorders from undesirable clot formation

Answer 25

Thromboembolic disorders

Question 26

Abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

Answer 26

Bleeding disorders

Question 27

Involves both types of disorders; Widespread coagulation in intact blood vessels, blocking blood flow Can occur in septicemia, incompatible blood transfusions, or complications in pregnancy

Answer 27

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Question 28

Clot that develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel May block circulation, leading to tissue death

Answer 28

Thrombus

Question 29

Thrombus freely floating in bloodstream Causes embolisms - Embolus obstructing a vessel Risk factors: atherosclerosis, inflammation, slowly flowing blood or blood stasis from immobility

Answer 29

Embolus

Question 30

Used to prevent undesirable clotting Ex. aspirin, heparin, warfarin, dabigatran

Answer 30

Anticoagulant drugs

Question 31

Deficient number of circulating platelets Red spots appear on skin as a result of widespread hemorrhages Due to suppression or destruction of red bone marrow Platelet count = <50,000/microliter

Answer 31

Thrombocytopenia

Question 32

Includes several similar hereditary bleeding disorders Symptoms: prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities Treatment: Introduction of genetically engineered factors

Answer 32

Hemophilia

Question 33

LS: 6 hours to a few days

Answer 33

Neutrophils

Question 34

LS: 5 days Granulocyte Orange/purple granules

Answer 34

Eosinophil

Question 35

LS: a few hours to a few days Granulocyte Blue

Answer 35

Basophil

Question 36

LS: hours to years Cells for lymphatic system

Answer 36

Lymphocyte

Question 37

LS: **M**onths

Answer 37

Monocyte

Question 38

LS: 5-10 days Small

Answer 38

Platelet