Reproductive Physiology

Question 1

How many chromosomes do somatic (non-reproductive) cells have?

Answer 1

46

Question 2

2n
46 chromosomes

Answer 2

Diploid

Question 3

4n
23 chromosomes

Answer 3

Haploid

Question 4

Splitting of DNA
Introduces genetic diversity
Daughter cells are genetically different than original cells

Answer 4

Meiosis

Question 5

Production of male gametes in seminiferous tubules

Answer 5

Spermatogenesis

Question 6

When sperm and egg unite to form zygote
Oocyte becomes ovum

Answer 6

Fertilization

Question 7

Change from spermatid to spermatozoa

Answer 7

Spermiogeneis

Question 8

Large supporting cells that wrap around developing sperm cells
Provide nutrients and signals to dividing cells
Move cells along lumen

Answer 8

Sustentocytes

Question 9

Production of female gametes which can take years to complete
Begins in fetal period
One viable ovum and three polar bodies

Answer 9

Oogenesis

Question 10

Apoptosis of oocyte and surrounding cells until female puberty

Answer 10

Atresia

Question 11

Secondary oocyte expelled into peritoneal cavity due to rising levels of LH
Occurs mid-ovarian cycle

Answer 11

Ovulation

Question 12

Monthly series of events associated with maturation of an egg

Answer 12

Ovarian cycle

Question 13

Follicle development
Squamous like cells surrounding primary oocyte become cuboidal and enlarge

Answer 13

Primordial follicle –> Primary follicle

Question 14

Follicle devlopment
Stratified epithelium forms around oocyte
More than one layer of cells are present (granulosa cell)

Answer 14

Primary follicle –> Secondary follicle

Question 15

Follicle deveopment
Liquid accumulates between granulosa cells

Answer 15

Secondary follicle –> Vesicular follicle

Question 16

Large cavity that is formed when fluid in follicle coalesces

Answer 16

Antrum

Question 17

An isolated oocyte with surrounding granulosa cells

Answer 17

Corona radiata

Question 18

A connective tissue layer surrounding the granulosa cells in an ovarian follicle

Answer 18

Thecal folliculi

Question 19

After oocyte and corona radiata are ejected, ruptured follicle transforms into glandular structure
Secretes estrogen and progesterone

Answer 19

Corpus luteum

Question 20

Degeneration of corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs
Becomes a scarlike structure

Answer 20

Corpus albicans

Question 21

Cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels

Answer 21

Uterine cycle

Question 22

Functional layer of endometrium is shed during the menstrual cycle (bleeding)
Days 1-5
Ovarian hormones low (estrogen and progesterone)
LH and FSH high

Answer 22

Menstrual phase

Question 23

Functional layer of endometrium is rebuilt
Days 6-14
Thick, sticky cervical mucus is made less viscous to facilitate sperm passage
Estrogen levels begin to rise
Ovulation at END of this phase

Answer 23

Proliferative phase

Question 24

Begins immediately after ovulation; Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive embryo
Progesterone levels rise from corpus luteum

Answer 24

Secretory phase

Question 25

Master switch on Y chromosome that initiates testes development and maleness Father determines sex of child

Answer 25

SRY gene

Question 26

Production of gametes and sex hormones regulated by hormonal events Sex hormones, inhibin, GnRH, FSH, LH involved

Answer 26

HPG axis

Question 27

Period of life when reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional HPG becomes activated here

Answer 27

Puberty

Question 28

Declining of estrogen levels in females Causes: Atrophy of reproductive organs, irritability and depression, thinning of skin and bone, hot flashes Official after menses cease for one year

Answer 28

Menopause (none in males)