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A and P II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Major excretory organ
Filters blood and adjusts composition
Forms urine
Located between T12 and L5
Right is lower than left

A

Kidneys

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2
Q

Transports urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

A

Ureters

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3
Q

Temporary storage reservoir for urine
On pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
Has openings for ureters and urethra

A

Urinary bladder

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4
Q

Muscular tube transports urine out of body

A

Urethra

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5
Q

True or false. Abnormally high concentrations of any constituent, or abnormal components in urine may indicate a problem

A

True

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6
Q

What pigments urine

A

Urochrome

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7
Q

Blood in urine

A

Hematuria

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8
Q

Slightly aromatic when fresh
Develops ammonia odor upon standing as bacteria metabolize urea

A

Odor of urine

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9
Q

Slightly acidic

A

pH of urine

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10
Q

Internal space of kidney

A

Renal sinus

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11
Q

Where blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit

A

Renal hilum

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12
Q

Transparent capsule around kidney that prevents the spread of infection to the kidney

A

Fibrous capsule

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13
Q

Fatty cushion surrounding kidney

A

Perirenal fat capsule

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14
Q

Anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

A

Renal fascia

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15
Q

Internal kidney region; Granular appearing superficial region

A

Renal cortex

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16
Q

Internal kidney region; Deep to cortex

A

Renal medulla

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17
Q

Inward extensions of cortical tissues
Separates renal pyramids

A

Renal columns

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18
Q

Medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue

A

Lobe

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19
Q

Internal kidney region; Funnel shaped tube continuous with ureter

A

Renal pelvis

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20
Q

Cup-shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae

A

Minor calyces

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21
Q

Infection of renal pelvis and calyces

A

Pyelitis

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22
Q

Infection or inflammation of entire kidney
Severe cases cause swelling of kidney and abscess formation, and pus may fill renal pelvis
Treatment: antibiotics

A

Pyelonephritis

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23
Q

Exit from abdominal aorta and enter kidneys

A

Renal arteries

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24
Q

Exit kidney and empty into inferior vena cava

A

Renal veins

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25
Slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder Enter base bladder through posterior wall Bladder pressure increases, distal ends close (prevents backflow)
Ureters
26
Innermost layer of ureter wall Consists of transitional epithelium
Mucosa
27
Smooth muscle sheets contract in response to stretch Propels urine into bladder Peristaltic waves company with gravity Longitudinal layer is inferior, circular layer superior
Muscularis
28
Outer fibrous connective tissue of ureter
Adventitia
29
Kidney stones in renal pelvis Crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts Can block ureters, causing pressure and pain
Renal calculi
30
Smooth triangular area outlined by openings for ureters and urethra Infections tend to persist here
Trigone
31
Thick muscle layer in bladder
Detrusor muscle
32
Collapses when empty Rugae appear Expands and rises superiorly during filling without significant rise in internal pressure
Urine storage capacity
33
Inflammation of bladder due to infection
Cystitis
34
Images of the urinary system
Pyelograms
35
Inflammation of urethra due to infection (UTI)
Urethritis
36
Involuntary (smooth muscle) at bladder urethra junction Contracts to open
Internal urethral sphincter
37
Voluntary (skeletal muscle) surrounding urethra as it passes through pelvic floor
External urethral sphincter
38
Anterior to vaginal opening, posterior to clitoris
External urethral orifice
39
Region in males within the prostate
Prostatic urethra
40
Membranous urethra From prostate to beginning of penis
Intermediate part of urethra
41
Passes through penis AKA - Spongy urethra
Penile urethra
42
Blood plasma without plasma proteins and cells Produced by the glomerulus Becomes urine
Filtrate
43
Contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
Urine
44
Produces cell and protein free filtrate Passive process Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and solutes through filtration membrane into glomerular capsule
Glomerular filtration
45
Selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate back to the blood Selective process - can be active or passive 2 routes: 1. Transcellular 2. Paracellular
Tubular reabsorption
46
Selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate (K+, H+, NH4+, creatinine,); Occurs in PCT; Important for disposing of substances that are bound to plasma proteins and controlling blood pH
Tubular secretion
47
Porous membrane between blood and interior of glomerular capsule 3 layers: 1. Fenestrated endothelium 2. Basement membrane 3. Foot processes Allows molecules smaller than 3 nm to pass
Filtration membrane
48
Glomerular blood pressure Outward pressure; Normally higher than pressure in most capillary beds Main force of pushing water and solutes out of blood
Hydrostatic pressure glomerular capsule (HPgc)
49
Filtrate pressure in capsule
Hydrostatic pressure capsular space (HPcs)
50
"pull" pressure of proteins in blood
Colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries (OPgc)
51
Pressure responsible for filtrate formation
Net filtration pressure (NFP)
52
Volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys Affected by: - NFP - Total surface area available for filtration - Filtration membrane permeability
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
53
Abnormally low urinary output (< 50 ml/day) Nephrons stop functioning
Anuria
54
GFR < 15 ml/min (normal 120-125) Causes uremia Treatment: hemodialysis
Renal failure
55
Ionic and hormonal imbalances, metabolic abnormalities, toxic molecule accumulation
Uremia
56
Reabsorption across cell Solute enters apical membrane of tubule --> travels through cytosol --> exits basolateral membrane --> enters blood through endothelium of peritubular capillaries
Transcellular route
57
Reabsorption between cells Limited by tight junctions, leaky in proximal nephron
Paracellular route
58
True or false. When carriers for a solute are saturated, excess is excreted in urine
True
59
Site of most reabsorption; Almost all uric acid
Proximal convoluted tubule
60
Where ions are reabsorbed
Distal convoluted tubule
61
Where ions, water, urea is reabsorbed
Collecting duct
62
Hormone released by posterior pituitary Increased levels cause more water to go back into blood Aquaporins inserted for more water reabsorption
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
63
Fine tunes reabsorption of Na+ and water reabsorption Affects blood volume and blood pressure
Aldosterone
64
AKA - urination or voiding Three events: 1. Contraction of detrusor muscle 2. Opening of internal urethral sphincter 3. Opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic nervous system
Micturition
65
Distension of bladder activates stretch receptors Urination in toddlers
Reflexive urination
66
Involuntary leakage of urine Weakened pelvic muscles Ex. stress, overflow
Urinary incontinence

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