21.1 Immune System Part 2

Question 1

White blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
Ex. neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells

Answer 1

Phagocytes

Question 2

Nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
Kill by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells
Secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response

Answer 2

Natural killer cells

Question 3

Programmed cell death

Answer 3

Apoptosis

Question 4

Triggered whenever we have an injury
Due to trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, infections

Answer 4

Inflammation

Question 5

Prevents spread of damaging agents
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
Alerts adaptive immune system
Sets the stage of repair

Answer 5

Benefits of inflammation

Question 6

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
*Impairment of function

Answer 6

Signs of inflammation

Question 7

1. Inflammatory chemical release
2. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
3. Phagocyte mobilization

Answer 7

Stages of inflammation

Question 8

Proteins that enhance innate defense by hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce, or attacking the microorganism directly

Answer 8

Antimicrobial proteins

Question 9

General term for chemical messengers that influence cell development, differentiation, and responses in the immune system

Answer 9

Cytokines

Question 10

Proteins that play a role in the immune system

Answer 10

Interferons

Question 11

Bloodborne proteins; When activated they lyse mircroorganisms, enhance phagocytosis, intensify inflammatory responses

Answer 11

Complement proteins

Question 12

Abnormally high body temperature that is systemic response to invading microorganisms
98.6 F or 37 C
Pyrogens secreted

Answer 12

Fever

Question 13

1. Causes liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc that are needed by microorganisms
2. Increases metabolic rate, which increases rate of repair

Answer 13

Benefits of fever

Question 14

Specific defense mechanism that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in body
Must be primed by initial exposure
Specific, systemic, memory

Answer 14

Adaptive immune system

Question 14

Antibody mediated immunity
Provided by antibodies in the body’s “humors” or fluids (blood and lymph)
Bind to extracellular targets to inactivate and mark them for destruction by phagocytes

Answer 14

Humoral immunity

Question 15

Cell mediated immunity
Provided by lymphocytes themselves and had cellular targets
Can act directly or indirectly,

Answer 15

Cellular immunity

Question 16

Substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses, provoking an immune response
Most are large, complex molecules that are foreign

Answer 16

Antigens

Question 17

Involved in adaptive immune system
Provide humoral immunity
Bind temporarily to target (extracellular targets)

Answer 17

B lymphocytes

Question 18

Involved in adaptive immune system
Provide cellular immunity

Answer 18

T lymphocytes

Question 19

Play an essential auxillary role in immunity; present antigens to T cells

Answer 19

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Question 20

1. Origin
2. Maturation
3. Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
4. Antigen encounter and activation
5. Proliferation and differentiation

Answer 20

Life cycle of Lymphocytes
make sheet

Question 21

Produced by B lymphocytes
Circulate freely in the body
Inactivate and tag antigens
Capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
Aka - Immunoglobulins

Answer 21

Antibodies

Question 22

B cells are activated when ______ bind to surface receptors

Answer 22

Antigens

Question 23

Antibody secreting effector B cells
Antibodies circulate in blood or lymph
Antibodies bind to free antigens, marking them for destruction

Answer 23

Plasma cells

Question 24

Provide immunological memory Mount an immediate response to future exposure

Answer 24

Memory B cells

Question 25

Cell proliferation and differentiation upon exposure to antigen for the first time Lag period of 3-6 days Peak levels of plasma antibody

Answer 25

Primary immune response

Question 26

Re-exposure to same antigen gives faster, more prolonged, more effective response Provide immunological memory

Answer 26

Secondary immune response

Question 27

Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them Ex. infection, vaccine

Answer 27

Active humoral immunity

Question 28

Occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body B cells not challenged by antigens Immunological memory does not occur Protection ends when antibodies degrade Ex. antibodies passed from mother to fetus, injection of exogenous antibodies

Answer 28

Passive humoral immunity

Question 29

2 identical heavy chains, 2 identical light chains; Hinge region in middle Four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds

Answer 29

Antibody monomer

Question 30

At one end of each arm of antibody

Answer 30

Variable region

Question 31

Area that determines antibody class and serves common functions in all antibodies

Answer 31

Constant region

Question 32

Antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins Prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells

Answer 32

Neutrilization

Question 33

Antibodies can bind same determinant on two different antigens at the same time Causes clumping

Answer 33

Agglutination

Question 34

Soluble molecules are cross-linked into large lattice-like clumps

Answer 34

Precipitation

Question 35

*mechanisms antibody action*

Question 36

Act against target cell Direct - killing infected cells Indirect - releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages

Answer 36

T cell lymphocytes

Question 37

Type of T cell; Naive form When active they become: Helper T cell (TH) - activate other T cells and macrophages Regulatory T cell (Treg) - moderate immune response

Answer 37

CD4 T cells

Question 38

Type of T cell When active become:

Question 39

Engulf antigens and present fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition via major histocompatibility complex Major types: dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Answer 39

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

Question 40

Process of APC cells engulfing antigens and presenting fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition 2 classes: MHC class 1, MHC class 2

Answer 40

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

Question 41

Results when immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign

Answer 41

Autoimmune disease

Question 42

Production of autoantibodies and sensitized cytotoxic T cells that destroys body tissues Ex. rheumatoid arthritis, grave's disease, T1 diabetes

Answer 42

Autoimmunity

Question 43

Immune response to perceived (otherwise harmless) threat that cause tissue damage Distinguished by: 1. Time in course 2. Whether antibodies or T cells are involved

Answer 43

Hypersensitivities

Question 44

Type 1 HS Begin in seconds after contact with allergen Caused by antibodies Response = anaphylactic shock Usually seen with allergens Ex. bee sting

Answer 44

Immediate hypersensitivity

Question 45

Type IV HS Slow onset (1-3 days) Mechanism depends on helper T cells Macrophages and cytotoxic T cells cause damage Ex. allergic contact dermatitis (poison ivy)

Answer 45

Delayed hypersensitivity