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26-Motor7-BasalGanglia Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Main components of basal ganglia (x4)

A
  • neostriatum (caudate and putamen)
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
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2
Q

The ___ receives major inputs to basal ganglia

A

neostriatum

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3
Q

caudate and putamen grouped together because

A

they are cytoarchitecturally similar nuclei

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4
Q

neostriatum:
primary output neurons

A

spiny neurons

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5
Q

neostriatum:
two subtypes of spiny neurons

A
  • GABA/substance P (SP)
  • Gaba/enkaphilin (ENK)
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6
Q

SP

A

substance P

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7
Q

ENK

A

enkephalin

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8
Q

neostriatum:
secondary neurons

A

aspiny neurons and interneurons

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9
Q

corticostriate pathway originates from ___

A

many cortical areas, especially premotor and primary motor cortex

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10
Q

corticostriate pathway terminates on ___ neurons in ___

A

spiny (both subtypes), neostriatum

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11
Q

corticostriate neurons are [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

excitatory (glutamate)

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12
Q

corticostriate information reflects [specific/nonspecific] cortical activity

A

specific

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13
Q

thalamostriate originates from ___ thalamic nuclei

A

midline

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14
Q

thalamostriate neurons are [excitate/inhibitory]

A

excitatory (glutamate)

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15
Q

thalamostriate information reflects [specific/nonspecific] activity

A

nonspecific, from reticular formation (arousal and attention)

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16
Q

striatum outputs to ___ and ___

A

GPi and GPe

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17
Q

direct pathway involves GABA/___ neurons to ___

A

SP, GP_i

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18
Q

indirect pathway involves GABA/___ neurons to ___

A

ENK, GP_e

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19
Q

globus pallidus (internal) is major [input/processing/output] system

A

output

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20
Q

GP_i projects to ___

A

VA/VL of thalamus

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21
Q

GP_i is mainly [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

inhibitory (GABA)

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22
Q

GP_e projects to ___

A

subthalamic nuclei (STh)

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23
Q

STh

A

subthalamic nuclei

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24
Q

GP_e in mainly [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

inhibitory (GABA)

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25
[True/false]: there are feedback loops between cortex and basal ganglia
true
26
Two parts of substantia nigra
- pars compacta - pars reticulata
27
striatonigral projection originates from ___
spiny neurons (primarily GABA/SP)
28
striatonigral projection is primarily [excitatory/inhibitory]
inhibitory
29
SNr is to ___ mvt as GP_i is to ___ mvt
eye, limb
30
SNr projects to (x2)
- VA/VL of thalamus - brainstem
31
SNc projects to (x1)
striatum, spiny neurons
32
SNc uses ___ as neurotransmitter
dopamine
33
SNc ___ GABA/ENK neurons and ___ GABA/SP neurons ([excites/inhibits])
inhibits, excites
34
Input to STh originates in ___
lateral segment of globus pallidus (GP_e)
35
Input to STh from GP_e is primarily [excitatory/inhibitory]
inhibitory (GABA), but some excitatory
36
Hyperdirect pathway is from ___ to ___ and is [excitatory/inhibitory]
cerebral cortex to STh, excitatory
37
Output from STh projects to ___ and is primarily [excitatory/inhibitory]
GP_i, excitatory (glutamate)
38
Main function of STh
modulates major output projections of basal ganglia (affects last stage of processing)
39
Rate model: [True/false]: the rate model is a comprehensive explanation of basal ganglia function
false, it is the dominant view but has many flaws. Servers only as an initial framework
40
Rate model: Role of the GP_i in rate model is to
tonically inhibit thalamus and motor activity
41
Rate model: Motor activity requires [incr./decr.] in GP_i activity
decr
42
Rate model: Direct pathway [facilitates/suppresses] movement
facilitates
43
Rate model: Indirect pathway [facilitates/suppresses] movement
suppresses
44
Rate model: net effect on striatum of increase in dopamine
decreased GP_i inhibitory output, therefore increased motor activity - dopamine inhibits GABA/ENK spiny neurons, so increase GP_e output, decrease STh excitation of GP_i, thus decreasing GP_i - dopamine excites GABA/SP spine neurons that inhibit GP_i
45
Basal ganglia model of movement selection
- basal ganglia used for movement selection based on value/reward - dopamine neurons provide estimate of value/reward of an action
46
[True/false]: basal ganglia circuits fulfill similar functions in executive/associative and emotion/motivation as they do for motor and oculomotor
true (in the context of reward selection)
47
Lesions of STh produce
hyperkinetic dyskinesia (contralateral)
48
hyperkinetic dyskinesia
results in ballismus (wild exaggerated involuntary movements of limbs)
49
bilateral lesions of SNc produces
akinesia
50
Parkinson's Disease: Four main symptoms
- bradykinesia/akinesia - rigidity - rest tremor of 4-7 Hz - postural instability
51
Parkinson's Disease: Main pathology
loss of pigmented cells in SNc
52
Parkinson's Disease: [incr./decr.] in GP_e activity
decrease
53
Parkinson's Disease: [incr./decr.] in STh activity
increase
54
Parkinson's Disease: [incr./decr.] in GP_i and SNr activity
increase
55
Parkinson's Disease: Hypothesized etiology
oxidative stress
56
Parkinson's Disease: Pharmacological treatment
L-DOPA
57
Parkinson's Disease: Side effects of L-DOPA
hyperkinetic movements
58
[True/false]: rate model predicts effects of Parkinson's in GP_i correctly
false, would predict involuntary movements that do not actually occur
59
Lesion of putamen produces (x2)
- obstinate progression - sterotypic behavior
60
Bilateral lesion of caudate produces
changes in more complex behavior, eg - compulsory approaching syndrome - perseverative behavior
61
Huntington's Chorea: Pathology
- initial loss of spiny neurons in neostriatum (particularly GABA/ENK) - also loss of cerebral cortical neurons
62
Huntington's Chorea: Symptoms
- involuntary movements (chorea and athetosis) - dementia / personality changes

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