31-Neuroendocrine

Question 1

Pituitary gland lies at base of brain in indentation of ___ bone called ___

Answer 1

sphenoid bone, sella turcica

Question 2

anterior pituitary aka

Answer 2

adenohypophysis

Question 3

parts of anterior pituitary

Answer 3

• pars tuberalis
• pars distalis
• pars intermedia (vestigial in adult human)

Question 4

posterior pituitary aka

Answer 4

neurohypophysis

Question 5

parts of posterior pituitary

Answer 5

• infundibular stalk (pit. Stalk)
• posterior lobe

Question 6

median eminence aka

Answer 6

infundibulum

Question 7

function of median eminence

Answer 7

connection between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 8

posterior pituitary secretes ___ and ___ into systemic circulation

Answer 8

vasopression, oxytocin

Question 9

Vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in ___ neurons in ___ and ___

Answer 9

magnocellular, supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei

Question 10

[Magnocellular/parvocellular] neurons secrete peptides directly into systemic circulation

Answer 10

magnocellular

Question 11

___ and ___ synapse on SON and PVN

Answer 11

limbic, solitary nucleus

Question 12

SON

Answer 12

supraoptic nucleus

Question 13

PVN

Answer 13

paraventricular nucleus

Question 14

vasopressin aka

Answer 14

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 15

ADH

Answer 15

antidiuretic hormone

Question 16

increased blood osmolality -> …?

Answer 16

incr solute (NaCl) -> incr vasopressin ->
(incr. water resorption) and
(incr. vasoconstriction -> incr. blood pressure)

Question 17

hypovolemia -> …?

Answer 17

decr blood volume -> incr. vasopressin ->
(incr. water resorption) and
(incr. vasoconstriction -> incr. blood pressure)

Question 18

hypotension -> …?

Answer 18

decr blood pressure -> incr. vasopressin ->
(incr. water resorption) and
(incr. vasoconstriction -> incr. blood pressure)

Question 19

suckling -> …?

Answer 19

incr oxytocin -> milk ejection

Question 20

OT

Answer 20

oxytocin

Question 21

uterine stimulation -> …?

Answer 21

incr oxytocin -> uterine contraction

Question 22

orgasm -> …?

Answer 22

incr oxytocin -> contraction of sm muscle in external genitalia -> (?) incr sensation (?)

Question 23

Anterior pituitary secretes three families of hormones into systemic circulation. What are they?

Answer 23

• somatomammotropins
• glycoproteins
• opiomelanocortin peptides

Question 24

somatomammotropins and their stimuli/effects (x2)

Answer 24

• growth hormone (exercise, stress, sleep -> growth and metabolism)
• prolactin (suckling, stress -> dev. of mammary tissue and lactation)

Question 25

glycoproteins and their stimuli/effects (x3)

Answer 25

- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (exposure to cold temps -> incr thyroid secretion -> incr cell metabolism -> heat production) - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (regulated by hypothalamic peptide and gonadal protein inhibin -> required for spermatogenesis or development of ovarian follicle) - luteinizing hormone (LH) (regulated by hypothalamic peptide -> required for spermatogenesis / stimulates testosterone (male) or initiates ovulation and stimulates progesterone (female)

Question 26

opiomelanocortin peptides and their stimuli/effects (x2)

Answer 26

- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (stress -> incr ACTH -> incr release of cortisol from adrenal cortex) - beta-endorphin (stress -> opiate-like peptide -> mu receptor)

Question 27

GH

Answer 27

growth hormone

Question 28

TSH

Answer 28

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 29

FSH

Answer 29

follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 30

LH

Answer 30

luteinizing hormone

Question 31

gonadotropins: examples (x2) and the family they belong to

Answer 31

FSH and LH, both are glycoproteins

Question 32

ACTH

Answer 32

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 33

Hypothalamic releasing factors synthesized in ___

Answer 33

parvocellular neurons of anterior pituitary

Question 34

Hypothalamic releasing factors released from nerve terminals into ___

Answer 34

hypophyseal portal blood vessels

Question 35

TRH

Answer 35

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Question 36

GnRH

Answer 36

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 37

CRH

Answer 37

corticotropin-releasing factors

Question 38

GHRH

Answer 38

growth hormone-releasing hormone

Question 39

TRH is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

Answer 39

excitatory, -> incr in TSH and incr in prolactin

Question 40

GnRH is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

Answer 40

excitatory, -> incr in FSH and incr in LH

Question 41

somatostatin is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

Answer 41

inhibitory, -> decr in GH

Question 42

CRH is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

Answer 42

excitatory, -> incr in ACTH and beta-endorphin

Question 43

dopamine is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

Answer 43

inhibitory, -> decr in prolactin

Question 44

GHRH is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

Answer 44

excitatory, -> incr in GH

Question 45

What hormonal changes occur after pituitary stalk section?

Answer 45

- incr in prolactin - decr in other pituitary hormones

Question 46

Disorders assocatied with abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary function (x2)

Answer 46

- diabetes insipidus - galactorrhea-amenorrhea hyperprolactinemia

Question 47

main mechanism of effects of diabetes insipidus

Answer 47

loss of vasopressin secretion

Question 48

etiology of diabetes insipidus

Answer 48

- head trauma (severing pituitary stalk) - autoimmune -> destruction of magnocellular neurons - ideopathic

Question 49

symptoms of diabetes insipidus

Answer 49

- polyurea (excessive urination) - polydipsia (excessive drinking)

Question 50

treatment for diabetes insipidus

Answer 50

replace vasopressin w/ analogue that acts on kidneys but not blood vessels

Question 51

symptoms of galactorrhea-amenorrhea hyperprolactinemia

Answer 51

- inappropriate lactation - cessation of menstruation (by inhibition of FSH and LH secretion)

Question 52

etiology of galactorrhea-amenorrhea hyperprolactinemia

Answer 52

tumor (pituitary microadenoma) -> incr prolactin

Question 53

treatment for galactorrhea-amenorrhea hyperprolactinemia

Answer 53

- give dopamine receptor agonist - surgery to remove tumor