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33-Limbic Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

limbic system involved in (x5)

A
  • emotions
  • memory
  • sexual arousal
  • stress
  • odor processing
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2
Q

limbic system difficult to study because (x2)

A
  • structures are interconnected
  • difficult to quantify responses/outcomes
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3
Q

hippocampus connects via _____ to _____ and _____

A

via fornix

to septal nuclei
and mamillary bodies

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4
Q

mammillary bodies connect via ___ to ___

A

via mammillothalamic tract (MTT)

to anterior thalamic nuclei

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5
Q

amygdala connects via ___ to ___ and ___

A

via stria terminalis (ST)

to septal nuclei
and hypothalamus

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6
Q

ant thalamic nuclei connects via ___ to ___

A

via internal capsule (IC)

to cingulate gyrus

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7
Q

cingulate connects via ___ to ___

A

via cingulum

to hippocampus

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8
Q

hypothalamus connects via ___ to ___

A

via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)

to brainstem/spinal cord

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9
Q

septal nuclei connect
(1) via ___ to ___
and
(2) via ___ to ___

A

(1) via medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
to hypothalamus

and
(2) via stria medullaris
to habenula

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10
Q

Source of norepinephrine innervation on limbic system

A

locus coeruleus (LC)

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11
Q

Source of serotonin (5-HT) innervation on limbic system

A

raphe nuclei (Ra)

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12
Q

Source of dopamine (DA) innervation on limbic system

A

mesolimbic system

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13
Q

Source of acetylcholine (ACh) innervation on limbic system (x2)

A

septal nuclei, and
nucleus basalis of Meynert

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14
Q

Norepinephrine and serotonin modulate (x4)

A
  • mood
  • cognition
  • sleep/wake cycles
  • arousal
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15
Q

Mesolimbic dopamine system consists of (x3)

A
  • ventra tegmental area (VTA)
  • nucleus accumbens (NAc)
  • associated limbic structures (prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus)
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16
Q

Pathway involved in addiction

A

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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17
Q

Mesolimbic cholinergic pathway involved in (x2)

A
  • reward/reinforcement
  • associative learning
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18
Q

VTA

A

ventral tegmental area

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19
Q

Lesions to the VTA and/or NAc lead to

A

-> blockade of DA receptors -> decreased addictive behaviour

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20
Q

drug addiction:
cocaine mechanism

A

blocks DA reuptake -> incr. DA

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21
Q

drug addiction:
amphetamine mechanism

A

release of DA and blockage of DA reuptake -> incr. DA

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22
Q

drug addiction:
heroin/nicotine mechanism

A

VTA or NAc

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23
Q

Natural rewards (sex, food) require

A

intact mesolimbic pathway

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24
Q

amygdala involved in

A

emotional memories

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25
lesions of amygdala impair
consolidation of fear memories
26
during emotional memories, amygdala modulates activity of ___
medial temporal lobe
27
amygdala response to fear
increased (unilateral) activity
28
phenotypes of bilateral amygdala calcification in Urbach-Wiethe disease (x2)
- impairment in neg/pos emotional processing - memory loss specific to information with emotional context
29
medial prefrontal cortex connected to limbic regions ___ and ___
- hippocampus and - amygdala
30
injury to prefrontal cortex leads to (x2)
- impairment in goal directed behavior - altered moral reasoning and social behavior
31
PFC [facilitates or inhibits] emotional responses
inhibits emotional responses
32
Amygdala [excites or inhibits] ___ in sexual arousal
excites hypothalamus
33
Main symptoms of PTSD (x3)
- re-experiencing phenomena - avoidance - hyperarousal
34
Mechanism of PTSD
suppression/loss of inhibition from prefrontal cortex to amygdala
35
Region associated with schematic memory
mPFC
36
Region associated with episodic memory
hippocampus
37
Hippocampus involved in (x2)
- memory consolidation - spatial navigation
38
declarative memory
semantics (facts) and episodic (experiences, events)
39
non-declarative memory
procedural, associative (operant cond.), and non-associative (habituation)
40
Bilateral lesion of hippocampi
- severe anterograde amnesia - partial retrograde amnesia (2-3 years prior to surgery)
41
disorders involving limbic system (x5)
- schizophrenia - depression - Korsakoff's syndrome - Alzheimer's disease - chronic traumatic encephalopathy
42
Schizophrenia: fragmentation of thought processes associated with
PFC, esp - working memory impairment - executive function deficits
43
Schizophrenia: poor emotional responsiveness associated with
amygdala: - apathy - social withdrawal
44
Schizophrenia: Neuroanatomic changes (x2)
- enlargement of LV - cortical thinning
45
Schizophrenia: hyperdopaminergy hypothesis
Original antipsychotic efficacy correlated with dopamine binding affinity
46
Schizophrenia: hypoglutamatergy hypothesis
phencyclidine (PCP) is NMDAR antagonist -> NMDAR hypofunction in schizophrenia
47
MDD
major depressive disorder
48
MDD characterized by (x3)
- low or depressed mood - fatigue or low energy - anhedonia
49
anhedonia
loss of interest or enjoyment in normally rewarding activities
50
MDD: low or depressed mood associated with
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
51
MDD: anhedonia associated with (x2)
- nucleus accumbens - septal nuclei
52
MDD: Lifetime prevalence in US
16 percent
53
MDD: More prevalent in [men or women or equal]
women (17-20% vs 13% in men)
54
MDD: Neuroanatomic changes
None identified yet for diagonsis, Maybe anterior cingulate gyrus and specifically subgenual cingulate (BA25) involved
55
MDD: monoamine hypothesis
posits that MDD is caused by *decreased* monoamine function
56
MDD: limitations of monoamine hypothesis
Antidepressants work on much longer timescale
57
MDD: treatments (x4)
- antidepressant drugs - cognitive-behavorial therapy - electroconvulsize therapy - DBS
58
MDD: antidepressant mechanism (x2)
- inhibit neuronal reuptake of monoamines - inhibit degradition of monoamines
59
MAO
monoamine oxidase enzyme
60
MDD: examples of monoamine reuptake inhibitors (x4)
- tricyclic drugs (imipramine) - SSRIs (fluoxetine/Prozac) - NRIs - SNRIs
61
MDD: sites of action of DBS and changes
- Cingulate cortex (incr. activity) - Amygdala (incr. activity) - Hippocampus (decr. structure) - Prefrontal cortex (decr. structure) - Nucleus accumenbens (structural change) - Hypothalum (structural change) - VTA (structural change)
62
AD: symptoms (x7)
- memory loss that disrupts daily life - challenges in planning or solving problems - confusion with time or place - troube with visual and spatial - new problems with word finding and speaking - decreased or poor judgement - changes in mood or personality
63
AD: memory loss associated with
hippocampus
64
AD: challenges in planning or solving problems associated with
PFC
65
AD: confusion with time/place associated with
hippocampus
66
AD: problems word finding / speaking associated with
paretial cortex
67
AD: decreased/poor judgement associated with
PFC
68
AD: change in mood/personality associated with
amygdala, cingulate cortex
69
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
70
CTE: probable cause
mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI) or concussions
71
CTE: severity correlated with
duration of athletic career
72
concussion
complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomedical forces'
73
CTE: histological changes (x2)
- deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau protein as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), starting perivascularly and at depths of cortical sulci - later more widespread tau pathology, particularly in medial temporal lobes, white matter. leads to prominent neuronal loss and gliosis

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