2Rings And Variants

Question 0

Ketone + alcohol

Answer 0

Hemiketal

Question 1

Aldehyde + alcohol

Answer 1

Hemiacetal

Question 2

Which two groups react to form a hemiacetal on the glucose molecule?

Answer 2

The alcohol on carbon #5 and the aldehyde of carbon#1 react since they are closest to rah other and form the ring.

Question 3

Alpha Hemiactetal is due to:

Answer 3

The OH group pointing down on carbon #1

Question 4

Beta Hemiacetal is due to:

Answer 4

The OH group is pointing up

Question 5

What form is 99% of glucose in?

Answer 5

Ring structure alpha or beta

Mostly the beta conformation

Question 6

Which of the following is an anomeric pair?

Differs only in configuration at hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon

Answer 6

Alpha-D-glucose and Beta-D- glucose

Question 7

Glucose is the oxidizing sugar that is reduced into:

Answer 7

D-Glucitol

Question 8

Glucose turns into Glucitol by:

Answer 8

Reducing an aldehyde into an alcohol on c#1

Question 9

Glucose turns into gluconate by:

Answer 9

Oxidizing the aldehyde group to Carboxylic acid…this would be oxidized sugar

Question 10

Sugars that can undergo oxidation are called:

Answer 10

Reducing sugars

Diabetes test: copper turned brick red with urine…copper was reduced because the sugar became oxidized

Question 11

Sugars with aldehyde groups are…

Answer 11

Reducing sugars

Question 12

Oxidizing sugar

Answer 12

Oxidizes other substances and gains electrons so the oxidation state will decrease.

The oxidize sugar will gain oxygen and release hydrogen.

Question 13

Reducing sugar

Answer 13

The aldehyde functional group allows the sugar to act as a reducing agent. You aldehyde can be oxidized via a redox reaction in which another compound is reduced. Thus, a reducing sugars one that reduces certain chemicals.

The reducing sugar will gain hydrogen and lose oxygen

Glucose turns into gluconate

Question 14

Fructose is a _____ sugar

Answer 14

Fructose can be a reducing sugar because it can isomerize to glucose or mannose, this happens very slowly at room or body temperature but it is very rapid when heated in the test tube.

Can rearrange to be a reducing sugar.

Question 15

D-glucose is called a reducing sugar because it undergoes an oxidation – reduction reaction at the anomeric carbon. What are the products of this reaction is:

Answer 15

D-glauconate

Question 16

D- Ribose structure

Answer 16

H       O
     \     //
 H-  C - OH
        l
H-   C -OH
        l
H-    C-OH
        l
   CH2OH

Question 17

Deoxy-D- Ribose

*deoxy

Answer 17

Removed OH on C#2

  H     O
   \     //
       C
       l
H-   C- H
       l
H-   C- OH
       l
H-   C- OH
       l
CH2OH

Question 18

Oxidized sugars

Answer 18

Beta-D- Glucoronate
Carboxylic acid on carbon #6

D-Gluconate
Oxidize carbon #1 and Carboxylic acid where aldehyde used to be and can form ring

D-Glucono-S- lactone
Ring formed from Carboxylic acid on carbon #1

Question 19

Glucuronates are very useful in helping to excrete:

Answer 19

Less than water soluble molecules

They increase water solubility of target molecules to facilitate excretion from the body.

Ex: Bilirubin- a break down product from heme and can conjugate to Glucoronate to increase water solubility

Question 20

Direct Bilirubin

Answer 20

It is water-soluble in a conjugated form that is attached to two glucuronates to the Bilirubin molecule

Question 21

Indirect Bilirubin

Answer 21

It is the non-conjugated form that is usually found bound to albumin in the blood

Question 22

Oxidize sugars are also known as

Answer 22

Acidic sugars

Question 23

Modified acidic sugar:

Answer 23

NANA

N-Acetylneuramibic acid

Question 24

Amino sugars:

Answer 24

Has nitrogens instead of oxygens on the sugar rings. Ex: Beta-D- Galactosamine Has NH2 in position #2 and Beta-D- Mannosamine Has mannose in N #2

Question 25

Common sugar abbreviations

Answer 25

``` Fructose. Fru Galactose. Gal Glucose Glc mannose man ribose. Rib ``` ``` Glucuronic acid. GlcA Galactosamine. GalN Glucosamine. GlcN N-acetyl galactose amine. GalNAc N-acetyl glucosamine GlcNAc ```

Question 26

Which of the following monosaccharides is not a carboxylic acid?

Answer 26

Glucose

Question 27

Which of the following is anomeric pair? Same structure but OH group flipped to opposite sides

Answer 27

Alpha-D- glucose and Beta-D-glucose

Question 28

Which of the following sugars contain a Ketone?

Answer 28

Fructose

Question 29

Which seven of the following sugars are monosaccharides?

Answer 29

``` Galactose Ribose Glyceraldehyde Glucuronate Mannose Glucose Fructose ```

Question 30

Which of the following sugars contains only glucose?

Answer 30

Maltose

Question 31

Which of the following sugars would test negative to the reducing sugar test?

Answer 31

Sucrose

Question 32

What is the configuration of D – glyceraldehyde?

Answer 32

R

Question 33

Which of the following is a five carbon sugar?

Answer 33

Ribose

Question 34

Which of the following is an epimer of glucose?

Answer 34

Mannose

Question 35

Fructose contains which of the following functional groups?

Answer 35

Keytone and alcohol

Question 36

If a urine sample of a diabetic patient has copper (II) nitrate added to it, is heated and as a result a brick red precipitate forms, what most likely happened?

Answer 36

Glucose is oxidized

Question 37

The reduced form of glucose is named?

Answer 37

Sorbitol

Question 38

When glucose forms a ring, what happened?

Answer 38

One of the alcohol groups reacted with the aldehyde

Question 39

Which of the following is contains glucose (Alpha 1–4) bond?

Answer 39

Maltose | Amylose

Question 40

The enzyme lactase, found in our intestine, breaks which type of bond?

Answer 40

Gal( beta1-4)

Question 41

Which of the following bond is found in glycogen?

Answer 41

Glu(alpha1-6) | Glu(alpha 1-4)

Question 42

What is another biochemical name for repeating disaccharide?

Answer 42

Glycan