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Chapter 1 Review Flashcards

0
Q

Proteins catabolize into

A

Amino acids

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1
Q

The primary molecule that transfers energy in the cell is

A

ATP

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2
Q

Complex carbs break down into

A

Simple sugars

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3
Q

Triglycerides break down into

A

3 Fatty acids and glycerol

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4
Q

How much energy does protein container

A

4kcal/ g

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5
Q

How much energy do carbs contain

A

4kcal/g

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6
Q

How much energy do fats contain

A

9kcal/g

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7
Q

How much energy does alcohol contain

A

7 kcal/g

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8
Q

What is catabolism?

A

It is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules

Releases energy as ATP

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9
Q

What is anabolism?

A

It is putting small molecules together to form big molecules

Uses energy as ATP

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10
Q

Why are proteins hetero polymers

A

They contain 20 different amino acids

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11
Q

How do you proteins breakdown

A

Proteins break amide bonds (in stomach and intestines) and turn into separate amino acids

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12
Q

Glycogen is what macromolecule

A

Carbohydrate

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13
Q

Glycogen is a polymer and breaks down into what monomer

A

Glucose

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14
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

It is a bond where the electrons are shared

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15
Q

Most fats are stored as

A

Triglycerides

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16
Q

Triglycerides break down into what different parts

A

Glycerol- which has three carbon backbone

3 fatty acids- Palmitate (saturated)
Stearate (saturated)
Oleate (unsaturated- one carbon double bond/ alkene)

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17
Q

When proteins are digested they are broken down into free

A

Amino acids

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18
Q

Which one of the following molecules is considered to be a macromolecule

A

Protein

Complex carbohydrate

Triglycerides

DNA and RNA

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19
Q

What three fuels do we consume?

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

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20
Q

What three other nutritional requirements do we consume but get no calories from

A

Vitamins
Minerals
Water

We need these in order to be able to break down the fuels that we consume

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21
Q

Xenobiotics

A

Non-nutrient chemicals such as toxins that we need to excrete

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22
Q

Most of our reserve energy is what

A

Fat

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23
Q

Why is glycogen the most important reserve energy

A

Our brain and red blood cells use glucose almost exclusively

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24
Glycogen is used to store sugar where
Primarily in the liver
25
What is used only by the muscle and has .4%
Muscle glycogen
26
Where is glycogen stored and used primarily for the brain
Liver glycogen
27
What is used primarily by muscle but only during aerobic exercise Hints this is the biggest storage of energy
Fat 15kg (85%)
28
What is used during starvation
Protein 6 Kg 14.5%
29
Why is energy mostly stored in fat instead of glycogen
That is a very dense way of storing energy because adipose tissue has a small amount of water and glycogen contains four times the amount of water than it does glycogen
30
Why does glycogen bind to four times as much water
Glycogen is polar with a hydroxyl group so it will bind with four times as much water
31
What is a type of homopolymer
Starch
32
Men need at least how much body fat
3%
33
Women need at least how much body fat
10-12%
34
What is the BMI average, ideal and obese numbers
Average is 20-25 Ideal 18-24.9 Obese over 30
35
What is the BMI formula
BMI= weight(kg)/height (m) ^2. | =704x lbs/Height (in) ^2
36
What is basal metabolic rate
BMR- Energy expenditure needed to maintain basic physiological function BMR=24x body weight in kg Lbs/2.2=kg
37
Factors that affect the BMR
``` Gender Body temperature Environment temperature Thyroid status Pregnancy and lactation Age Diet induced thermogenesis ```
38
What is the daily energy expenditure (DEE) formula
BMR+ physical activity (24hrs) (Kg weight/24)+ physical activity
39
How many calories would we have to drop from our caloric intake in order to lose 2 pounds a week
1000kcal/day
40
1 lb of fat =
3500 kcal
41
Coke has how many calories
100 kcal/ 8 oz
42
Why is eliminating carbohydrates from your diet a bad idea
People on low sugar diet tend to eat too many calories of fat which can lead to cardiovascular problems
43
What percentage of carbohydrate should be in our diet
30-40%
44
What are the dietary fiber pros and cons
Pros: it is associated with lower cholesterol and colon cancer rates Cons: it is a complex carbohydrate but we can't digest it and therefore it has no dietary calories
45
Are saturated fatty acid and cholesterol needed in our diet
No because we can make our own
46
Why are unsaturated fat essential
Essential fatty acid are ones that we can't make on our own so they must be in our diet
47
Four very important essential fatty acids
a-linoleic: omega 6 from plants a-linilenic: omega 3 from plants Eicosapentaenoic acid: omega 3 fish Docosahexaenoic acid: omega 3 fish
48
Specific amino acid deficiencies
Vegetarian diets that consist mainly of wheat corn rice tend to be deficient in lysine Beans lentils and other legumes low in the methionine
49
How many amino acids are essential nutrients
9-11 of the 20 amino acids are essential
50
Amino acids also serve as what
Nitrogen source for nonessential amino acid's for nucleic acid and other nitrogen containing molecules such as hemes
51
What are the essential nutrients for protein function
Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water
52
Vitamins are
Organic molecules needed for enzyme function that we either can't make or can't make enough
53
How many amino acids must be in our diet
Half of amino acids must be in our diet and the other half we can make ourselves
54
Vitamin A
It is used for vision Deficiency causes night blindness Vitamin a is found in carrots broccoli squash Sweet potatoes leafy vegetables liver eggs butter fish cheese
55
Thiamine- B 1
Is needed for decarboxylation reactions ``` Deficiency causes Beri Beri, edema, heart failure, wernicke Korsakoff(alcoholism) ``` Found in cereal grains beans nuts milk brewers yeast
56
Riboflavin B2
It is needed for FADH2 FAD helps makes ATP Deficiency causes dermatitis and tongue inflammation Found in milk meat wheat green veggies fish
57
Niacin B3
Needed for NADH NAD H helps make ATP Deficiency causes pellagra-diarrhea and dermatitis and dementia and death Found in milk meat tomato turnip greens collards
58
Pantothenic acid B 5
Needed for CoA formation CoA is Acetyl carrier Deficiency causes emotional problems and gastrointestinal disturbances Sound in liver eggs yeast and milk
59
Pyridoxal Doxil phosphate B6
Needed for amino acid deamination Deficiency causes dermatitis apathy irritability susceptibility to infections and convulsions in infants Found in eggs and liver and east and peas and beans and milk
60
Biotin B7
Needed for carboxylation's and synthesis of fats Deficiency causes dermatitis Caused by eating raw eggs -avidin protein
61
Folic acid B8
Needed for heme synthesis and nucleic acid bases and one carbon transfers Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defect
62
Cyanocobalamine B12
Needed for odd fatty acid and Folic acid's Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia
63
Ascorbic acid vitamin C
Needed for collagen formation Deficiency causes scurvy
64
Calciferol vitamin D
Needed for calcium absorption Deficiency causes rickets
65
a- Tocopherol vitamin E
Needed for antioxidant activity Deficiency causes sterility, muscular dystrophy and I damage and brain lesions
66
Phylloquinone. Vitamin K
Needed for blood clotting Deficiency causes hemorrhage
67
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins ADEK
68
Water-soluble vitamins
``` Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin B6 Pantothenic acid Biotin Folic acid B12 Vitamin c ```
69
Trace elements 12 Found in diet small amount
``` Mg V Cr Mo Mn Fe Co Ni Zn Se Cu I ```
70
Bulk elements 10
``` H Na K Ca C N O P S Cl ```
71
Fluoride
Fluoride deficiency causes cavities High fluoride causes modeling
72
Iron deficiency
Needed for hemes and cytochrome Deficiency causes anemia and fatigue
73
Iodine deficiency
Needed for thyroid hormone synthesis Deficiency causes goiters
74
Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism breaks down molecules and anabolism synthesizes molecules
75
How many calories are released in the metabolism of carbohydrates
4 kcal/g
76
How many calories are released in the metabolism of ethanol
7 kcal/g
77
How many calories are released from the metabolism of protein
4 kcal/g
78
How many calories are released from the metabolism of fats
9 kcal/g
79
List the fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins ADEK
80
Proteins are used for
``` Structural support Motor activity Enzymes Receptors Transport ```

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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