Chapter 3 Fasting state

Question 0

In the fasting state what do the levels in the blood look like

Answer 0

⬇️glucose
⬇️insulin
⬆️Glucagon

Question 1

What occurs in the fasting state

Answer 1

Glucagon is high
Glycogen breakdown
Fat utilization
Protein breakdown 
Brain uses glucose
Muscle uses fat

Question 2

The fasting state is also known as

Answer 2

Basal state

Question 3

When does the fasting state occur

Answer 3

This state occur several hours after the last meal

Question 4

What secrete glucagon when the glucose and insulin levels drop

Answer 4

The pancreas secrete glucagon

Question 5

What happens when the pancreas secretes glucagon

Answer 5

Once the glucagon has been secreted this induces the liver to break down stored glycogen into free glucose

Question 6

Pancreas secretes Glucagon➡️liver breaks down glycogen to glucose➡️

Answer 6

Once the glucose has been freed the glucose leaves the liver and helps maintain blood glucose levels

Question 7

Pancreas secretes Glucagon➡️liver breaks down glycogen to glucose➡️glucose goes to blood➡️

Answer 7

Glucose is then used by the brain for energy needs ….burn down to CO2+ATP

**brain will have plenty of ATP

Question 8

Pancreas secretes Glucagon➡️liver breaks down glycogen to glucose➡️glucose goes to blood➡️RBCs….

Answer 8

The red blood cells breakdown the glucose and turn it into lactate

Question 9

Pancreas secretes Glucagon➡️liver breaks down glycogen to glucose➡️glucose goes to blood➡️RBCs turn glucose to lactate➡️

Answer 9

The lactate released from the red blood cells are sent back to the liver where it is converted from lactate to glucose

Question 10

Pancreas secretes Glucagon➡️liver breaks down glycogen to glucose➡️glucose goes to blood➡️RBCs turn glucose to lactate➡️ lactate sent to liver to be turned into glucose➡️

Answer 10

Glucose is released back to the blood

Question 11

Between 12 to 24 hours after fast is started where does the blood glucose come from

Answer 11

The blood glucose is coming from protein is taken from the muscle so the muscle is atrophying

Question 12

Amino acids are being sent from the muscle to

Answer 12

Amino acid sent from the muscle to the liver through the blood since they are water-soluble

Question 13

Wednesday amino acids are taken to deliver what happens to them in the blood

Answer 13

That amino acids are deaminated into urea

Question 14

Once the amino acids are converted into urea….

Answer 14

Urea - N+ will be carried away as waste and carbons made into glucose (gluconiagenesis)

Question 15

Once the urea is broken down and carbons are then made into glucose….

Answer 15

Glucose leaves the liver and supplies the blood with the glucose it needs to support the brain and red blood cells

Question 16

During the fasting state we use that coming from

Answer 16

Adipose tissue

Question 17

Triglycerides are broken down from adipose tissue because

Answer 17

Because glucagon will simulate hormone sensitive lipase to break down the triglycerides into glycerol

Question 18

Turning triglycerides into glycerol can be used to make

Answer 18

This makes glucose in the liver also known as gluconeogenesis

Question 19

Fatty acid from triglycerides in the adipose tissue can be

Answer 19

Can be used as energy for muscles and liver

Question 20

Protein in the muscles are being used to break down into

Answer 20

Amino acids also known as gluconeogenesis to make my glucose

Question 21

This starvation state is where fatty acid’s from adipose tissue turn into

Answer 21

Keytone bodies which are highly acidic so they are less desirable but under starvation conditions very useful source of energy

Question 22

Keytone bodies in the starvation state can be used by

Answer 22

Keytone bodies can be used by the brain as a source of energy even though the brain prefers glucose but it will use it under starvation condition

Question 23

The glycerol that does come from the adipose tissue is used to

Answer 23

Glycerol that does come from adipose tissue is small but it is enough to make glucose that can be released to the blood but mainly used by red blood cells because they can only use glucose and no ketones

Question 24

Red blood cells use

Answer 24

Glucose

Question 25

During the starvation state the brain will use

Answer 25

Ketone bodies

Question 26

During the starvation state what happens to glucose levels

Answer 26

Glucose drops but not dramatically because of gluconeogenesis, lactate, amino acids, glycerol ,and fat

Question 27

What will happen to plasma levels after several days of starvation

Answer 27

Glucose levels will lower and the Keytone bodies will greatly increase to make up for the loss of glucose and the fatty acid levels will increase by utilizing fat storage

Question 28

In the urea what happens when glucose is high

Answer 28

When glucose is high then the nitrogen output is low

Question 29

In the urea after fasting 12 hours what will you see

Answer 29

Putting out more nitrogen due to the burning of protein

Question 30

After starvation for three days what will happen to urea

Answer 30

Depending on fat solubility so decrease in protein degradation

Question 31

What happens to urea after starvation for 5 to 6 weeks

Answer 31

Not much protein is left and dependent on fat and there's a decrease in nitrogen

Question 32

How many types of nitrogen waste are there

Answer 32

4

Question 33

The types of nitrogen waste are

Answer 33

Ammonia- made in kidneys ***Urea- made in liver and filtered by kidneys(most N found) Utica acid- from breakdown of purines and caffeine Creatine- made in muscles(interesting form found in urine)

Question 34

Ammonia in nitrogen waste

Answer 34

NH4 is about 3%

Question 35

Urea in urine

Answer 35

6% H2N-C-NH2 ll I

Question 36

Uric acid in urine

Answer 36

11% and not very water soluble Benzene ring with 2N and 1=O with a Pentene ring with 2N and 1=O

Question 37

Creatine in urine

Answer 37

Pentene ring with 3N , 1=O, 1=NH, 1-CH3 extending group

Question 38

Creatine phosphate is found in

Answer 38

It is found in muscles and used as molecule to quickly replenish ATP The nonenzymatic decomposition of creatine is simply eliminated as creatinine.

Question 39

Creatine phosphate degradation

Answer 39

The degeneration of creatine phosphate into creatine creates a molecule that cannot be used by other pathways so it will be released and filtered by the kidneys

Question 40

Between meals with little to no glucose is entering the blood from the intestines the major source of glucose will be from

Answer 40

Glycogen

Question 41

Increase your urea output usually indicates an increased use of

Answer 41

Amino acids

Question 42

The starvation state is the same as the fasting state but

Answer 42

Keytone bodies become main source of energy

Question 43

During the fasting state amino acids are converted into which molecule

Answer 43

Glucose

Question 44

Keytone bodies are made in which organ and from which precursor molecule

Answer 44

In the liver from fatty acid's

Question 45

During the fasting state what happens to insulin levels compared to the Fed state

Answer 45

Insulin levels drop

Question 46

Doing the fasting state what is the primary fuel for the brain

Answer 46

Glucose

Question 47

When amino acids are burned what waste product is excreted by the kidneys

Answer 47

Urea

Question 48

3 types of ketone bodies

Answer 48

B- hydroxybutyrate Acetoacetate **used by muscle & NS** Acetone **expired in breath and not metabolized**